Death Among the Ibo Essay Example for Free

Demise Among the Ibo Essay In spite of the fact that the book Things Fall Apart and The Joys of Motherhood spread around seventy years, the distinction between life in 1880s Nigeria and Nigeria during the 1950s is outrageous. The Ibo individuals change from a group and innate individuals to a considerably less intently sew individuals much like Europeans or North Americans. The change ought not really be translated as an improvement in the life of the Ibo individuals. At the point when Things Fall Apart starts the Ibo individuals are a lot of equivalent to they have been for apparently hundreds of years. They are an agrarian people living near the land without lives that have confined and cleaned from death. Passing is a characteristic piece of life and is normal. They have decides and customs that have shown them how to manage demise. Albeit a significant number of their convictions may appear to be unusual to individuals in the twenty-first century North America the appear to function admirably for the Ibo until their conventions are hindered by European Christian teachers. The Ibo convictions have a specific blamelessness and rearranged world view that is astoundingly reviving when contrasted with todays endeavors to expel demise away from society and to draw out death and maturing as far as might be feasible. There involves certainty character in the Ibo way to deal with death that makes demise both genuine and typical. There are rules to be followed. At the point when a man kicks the bucket with a swollen mid-region and swollen appendages, he isn't to be covered in the earth since his body would contaminate the land (Achebe, 14-15). At the point when an Umuofia young lady is killed, the pioneers meet to choose what to do. After conversation they conclude they should demand remuneration for the young ladies passing. They choose Okonkwo a youthful pioneer who is an independent man to visit the clan of the man who has executed the young lady and request that a young lady be sent to the Umuofia to supplant the young lady and another adolescent be given to the Umuofia as discipline for the homicide. There is an equalization here that comes up short on the retribution of tit for tat of the Judeo-Christian culture. Rather it is all the more a blow for blow reaction. Okonkwo visits the neighboring clan and presents them with the requests of the Umuofia. Plainly there is the danger that war will result if their interest isn't met, yet it isn't made in the do it or, more than likely way regular in the twentieth and twenty-first century western human advancement. The clan consents to the requests of the Umuofia and gives a little youngster who is given to the dad of the killed young lady. A subsequent youth, Ikemefuna sent to the Umuofia where he is given to the accuse of Okonkwo of whom he lives for a long time where he is dealt with like a child Three years after the fact the pioneers conclude Ikemefuna ought to be killed to fulfill equity about the young ladies murder. In spite of his having rewarded Ikemefuna as a child, Okonkwo takes an interest in the killing. He does this regardless of a notice of a senior not to take part in light of the fact that Ikemefuna calls Okonkwo Father. Okonkwo appears to be amazed about this notice. The choice has been made by the Umuofia pioneers and accordingly should be followed. There are a few fascinating perspectives about death and kids. Surely baby passing is basic among the Ibo. At the point when a kid endures earliest stages and it shows up will live to turn into a grown-up, the kid is supposed to remain (Achebe, 42). Like this is a conviction that a few kids are hesitant to be naturally introduced to this world and hold an iyi-uwa that permits them to kick the bucket so they can be renewed to their mom to torment them. To stop this cycle a medication man will take the body of the perished newborn child and disfigure it so it will be not able to return, however some have been know to come back with a missing finger or imprint from the medication keeps an eye on activity. Okonkwo who is a fame and appreciated individual from the Umuofia incidentally slaughters an adolescent, he and his family are exiled. At the point when this happens Okonkwo seems to acknowledge his sentence apathetically on the grounds that it is the built up rule. During his expulsion European, Christian teachers move into the zone and start to edify the Ibo. Laws are made and upheld by hanging and detainment. Ibo who endure such discipline lose their pride and are not, at this point the man he had attempted to be. When Okonkwo realizes that he will be slaughtered by the Europeans, he hangs himself as opposed to submit to the white keeps an eye on law. As one would anticipate from the title Emechetas book, The Joys of Motherhoodâ ¸ is more worried about labor and parenthood than with death. It is intriguing that the viewpoint of this book is firmly composed from the female perspective and is worried about existence, rather than the manly perspective communicated in Things Fall Apart where demise is an increasingly unmistakable concern. In this book demise is dealt with much like it is today. The characters in this book not, at this point live in the inborn or faction network that Okonkwo lived in where demise is viewed as a typical piece of life. Rather they move to the city, Lagos, where they work for low wages doing the tasks the more affluent white individuals consider underneath them. Here death isn't so normal and not acknowledged so without any problem. When Nnu Egos child passes on in early stages and she endeavors to end it all, she is decided as crazy until she can proceed onward and proceed with her everyday life. Her dead children body is removed destined to be supplanted by the introduction of extra youngsters. Demise is less worthy and avoided the individuals in light of the fact that the British individuals dont need to consider it. Rather they sterilize it and move it away from everyday life. This happens to the Ibo just as they move into the twentieth century British pilgrim way of life. Not at all like the passings happening seventy years sooner where the tribe knows about every demise and can acknowledge it for the faction, Nnu Ego kicks the bucket lying along the edge of the street unrecognized. She isn't missed by her tribe or her kin who are dispersed all through the nation. The absence of worry about the privileges of the individual with respect to death in Achebes book is upsetting. Given todays sensibilities where the individual is a higher priority than the general public the thought ofâ supplanting one killed young lady with another young lady to have her spot and offering a prisoner as a reaction to having carried out a wrongdoing is alarming. Individuals todayâ need to proceed onward and move on after death, as though they were to recognize demise, they will be blasted with some loathsome infectious malady. Acknowledgment of death is as yet a cultural issue today. Americans today appear to be not able to acknowledge it. Nonetheless, in the wake of perusing these books, one whenever compelled to ponder which of the drew nearer to death, the 1880s Ibo, the 1950s Ibo, or that of Americans in 2006 is ideal. Here and there the 1880s rendition with its blameless and practically nostalgic reaction to death appears to the best.

Tesco Advertisement Analysis Free Essays

Notice investigation â€Tesco’s 1097 We people are customized or brought into the world with the innate want to satisfy our requirements. Freud discussed this crude moxie, this inborn need of humankind to need (maybe for self-conservation at last. ) Freud contended about the significance of the oblivious brain in understanding cognizant idea and conduct . We will compose a custom exposition test on Tesco Advertisement Analysis or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Publicizing has taken advantage of this crude human moxie or need want. Promoters utilize the oblivious brain to foist verifiable and express signs and signifiers, applying social undertones, utilizing avoidance as much as consideration, the advertiser’s goal is to increase an expansion of positive consideration for their item. I have chosen an ad made for Tesco’s ‘Fair-exchange fortnight’, found in The Guardian’s weekend supplement. We read adverts in general, unknowingly engrossing the entirety of the components, signs, certain and unequivocal, that are intended to work as one. The psychological short-hand we use for translating pictures and words to decipher them, which is particularly relevant to publicizing, promptly advises us that the notice isn't for delight, however for our consideration; to urge us to pick one brand over another, and to devour. Tesco’s advert verifiably infers nature’s abundance with its visual decision of hessian and wicker arranging, the utilization of cardboard for the estimating tickets reminiscent of organization morals saturated with moral high-ground. The closer view is flooded with pictorial recommendations of far away fields and cultivating, with sound, working age, apparently loosened up laborers, making the most of their undertakings in the sun. The advert presents what we in the West would think consistently extravagances. The visual signifiers of consumable joy: bananas, espresso, chocolate, nuts; these are all food stuffs that can't be created in Britain. Freud’s hypothesis of the Id would take advantage of our need of these extravagances. The future buyer, having seen the item, may recognize the need, and convert it into a reality, extinguishing (Freud’s hypothesis of) the Ego. Using this need the advert derives that by means of reasonable exchange, the shopper can go further away from home for this produce, empowering the need without moral censure; not exclusively can the human have what it wants, however it can accomplish it without blame, soothing (Freud’s hypothesis of) the Superego and its implications of the correctional. Tesco’s advert plays on this desire satisfaction that drives the human as its continued looking for controlling want. In exceptionally huge sort, copying penmanship, he title of the advert yells Every little helps, playing on the reliable fan bases need to spend close to nothing, however likely, (with the reasonable exchange subject of the advert) to be an unequivocal allurement for an increasingly prosperous client encountering monetary strain, to change from the more very good quality general stores to a progressively fundamental and moderate one. The principle body of the advert is genuinely utilitarian; certainly i mplying this is a need purchase, an advert with a progressively fabulous look is regularly focused on the support or incitement of utilization of an extravagance buy. An auxiliary heading of Fair-exchange fortnight utilizes similar sounding word usage to make it a critical slogan. The advert has a (generally little) mark symbol, entreating the customer to flaunt their name. This gives the capacity of mooring the inferred ethic with symbolism, proposes that while enjoying wish satisfaction we can improve the predicament of our third world neighbors. This is auxiliary to the publicists point however, the aim is to sell. This notice appears focused on a dominatingly white populace, it nearly romanticizes the zones of food creation that have, as of not long ago, been outwardly and intentionally covered. Tesco’s unique ‘pile it high and sell it cheap’ position had influences somewhere else on food makers further down the chain, obviously these were quiet until generally as of late and people in general are currently starting to perceive that a little money related expense to purchase, prompts abuse in inconspicuous social orders somewhere else. Tesco’s has picked an exceptionally normal bundling style for this advert, shunning its standard less expensive less natural partner. Goal is spoken to inside the advert and the bundling, as the morals of food apparently is grounded in the working classes, (a non need, accordingly first grabbing hold inside the wealthier residents). It’s outstanding that embellished in red, 20% off in a disproportionally huge circle, the advertiser’s ace card, using the subconscious; people notice red for clear physiological reasons. Underneath it likewise wrapped in red a devotion gadget, Keep acquiring club focuses, advancing another purchasing propensity for leftover clients, and planning to hold new and progressively well-to-do shoppers. As food creation mindfulness accumulates force the organization needs to divert its way to deal with keep on prospering. To supplant Tesco’s old persona with another all the more morally mindful substitute, perhaps a genuinely necessary new PR technique. Straightforwardly introducing their expanding mindfulness and backing for reasonable exchange, however veiling the entrepreneur methodology, behind the advancement should doubtlessly be factual proof that reasonable exchange buys Britain are on the expansion. Tesco’s might be watching these changing retail patterns and thinking it is an excellent time for sure to advance an increasingly moral persona. Tesco’s has as of late been hauled through the politicization and higher open attention to the food business, its inceptions and morals. This elevated mindfulness finished in a strategy by protestors, deriding the Tesco’s logo, replicating it onto shirts, however supplanting Tesco with Fiasco. In the open space there exists such proselysatizations as a Face Book gathering, effectively reassuring people in general to blacklist Tesco’s stores. Gillian Rose says that ‘the rendering [of an image] is rarely honest. She examines whether the implications of a picture might be introduced ‘explicitly or verifiably, deliberately or consciously’ . Our response to a picture is probably going to be educated by the social ramifications related with that picture, and the undertone it summons inside our comprehension. In Fyfe and Law’s work they express that we should enquire into a visualisation’s provenance, and note its standards of considerat ion and rejection all together get it. Accordingly I end my piece about Tesco’s crusade with this reality from Tesco’s PLC (site). In the multi year rundown report the chart obviously shows that every representative produces ? 14,303 million pounds, (2010). This reality isn't promoted by Tesco’s, and is as inexplicit as could be expected under the circumstances. It would be a reasonable examination to state, ought to Tesco’s clients be intentionally mindful of the overall revenues they might be less open to shopping there. List of sources Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams Gillian Rose, Visual Methodologies Jonathan Bignell, Media semiotics http://www. tescoplc. com/plc/ir/, got to 20-03-11 8 June 2010 20. 13 BST, got to 10-03-11 , got to 16-03-11 The most effective method to refer to Tesco Advertisement Analysis, Essay models

Managers Dont Have All the Answers

“Managers Don’t Have All the Answers” Managers are expected to be well-informed, well-organized and ready to answer all the questions! But is it really like that in reality? They are all just people after all, with all the virtues and flaws each of us have. So, do managers really have to have all the answers?Have you ever heard of the term “the iceberg of ignorance”? Let’s start with the premise that front-line supervisors should know how to fix all the front-line problems. Should they, actually?Regardless of the number of people in a team, you have a few levels of workers there. And those who are in the lower positions are the ones who are majorly aware of those front-line problems.That’s natural because they are in the busiest level of a job. As one gets promoted, new duties come, which decreases the knowledge on these problems on daily basis. To put it shortly, the higher the position, the less is the knowledge on front-line problems.With that having said, how can anyone expect that managers have all the answe rs? It takes a lot for any team to be successful and work well, and in this article, we shall reveal all there is about being a manager. You will see why managers actually don’t need to know all the answers.Besides that, you will see why some managers still tend to have all the answers and how good that is. Moreover, you will find out what to do when a quick solution is needed and what does it take to become a successful manager.WHY MANAGERS NEEDN’T KNOW ALL THE ANSWERS?As a manager, one is expected to be capable of dealing with all the problems. However, there are some problems which are trickier and the solution is not so clear. Do managers need to solve it despite that? Yes, but by using a wider approach rather than trying to act alone.Whereas back then admitting that you don’t know something was shameful and unacceptable, nowadays things are way different. Here’s why:By admitting that he/she doesn’t have all the answers a manager shows that after all he/she is only a h uman being and equal among others.Not knowing all the answers gives lots of chances for a manager to learn more, dig deeper and expand and upgrade his/her knowledge.When a manager doesn’t have an answer that can be an opportunity for other team members to come up with some ideas and solutions.So, at this point, you may wonder what is the right amount of knowledge a manager should have. The answer is- enough! Enough to put him/her in a position to make some important decisions but still leaving space for new ideas and bits of knowledge to come.The purpose of a team working and team building is in learning from each other. Yes, there are different positions in teams, low and high, more and less responsible, but a team is a machinery which works well only if all parts are in it. Even without the smallest one, the machinery wouldn’t work properly.That’s why it is very important that team members constantly work together. They should improve and learn from each other. A manager sho uld serve as a coordinator who will, acting this way, give a positive example of a good team behavior.WHAT IF A MANAGER HAS ALL THE ANSWERS?The simplest answer to this would be- the manager is in the wrong way! Having all the answers doesn’t make you the smartest person in your team. Quite the opposite. A manager who thinks he/she has all the answers is actually a person who doesn’t listen to the other team members. When one acts that way, this is what he/she is saying to team members:I’m smarter than all of you.I don’t need your help.Just put your heads down and listen to me, do what I tell you without question.Regardless of your knowledge and expertise, I’m the one whose opinion and decisions are the most important.Yeah, you will agree that these sentences sound terrible, but that’s the truth. These are just some of the messages a manager with all the answers is sending to his/her colleagues. Such behavior is quite the opposite of how should a team look like. By acting this way, a manager alienates and disengages from the team, and that leads to disaster.Some managers believe that this exclusion from the rest of the team by sending others message that you have all the answers will make people think that he/she is a smart and powerful manager. But, luckily, that kind of a manager rarely remains in a position of a leader.That kind of behavior is often just a shield of protection. Its a mask behind which one actually tries to hide the feeling of insecurity. In reality, a good manager is the one that cooperates with team members.Just to make one thing clear. There are situations where instant answers are needed and a manager somehow tends to be the first figure other team members consult.Some  situations  require prompt and efficient answer which will solve the issue as soon as possible, without numerous meetings or some wide discussion. Such situations are not the same to what we previously described.Managers will provide quick answers on occasions where they are necessary for solving the problem as fastest as possible. However, looking in some general way, managers should listen to team members. A team is all about cooperating, exchanging thoughts and experiences, growing the big idea by contributing from multiple sides.Furthermore, we shall also discuss these situations where a manager has to think of a solution as soon as possible. Moreover, we shall describe what does it take to be a successful manager. WHAT TO DO WHEN A MANAGER NEEDS TO GIVE AN INSTANT ANSWER?As we mentioned, there are some situations where the quick solution is necessary. If team members cannot solve it, the final word will come from a manager. But if even a manager is not sure what is the right thing to do, but something still has to be done- what to do?Some managers will admit, which will definitely increase their credibility among colleagues. That will motivate others to suggest some solutions. Like we said, admitting that you don’t have an answer w ill open lots of possibilities both for you and other team members.Still, whether one admits or not, the problem has to be solved. Making that very first step in such situations is usually very hard. But as soon as one does it, things will start moving in a positive direction. Here’s what managers usually do when this is the case.1. Define the challenge preciselyMeet your enemy- that’s what this is! Say it out loud! Of course, don’t go through the company literally yelling that you don’t have an answer, but pronounce the sentence so that you can hear it for the beginning.Even if a manager hasn’t got an instant answer, he/she should be able to ask better questions! The right questions will significantly speed up the whole process of problem-solving.A manager should have a deeper understanding of a problem but trying to figure out what he/she knows about it and what not. This will significantly help by at least defining things into two categories- what is familiar and what i s not.2. Use other people’s experience and expertiseUnless it’s a business which is something never seen before, the odds are that someone was in the similar or same situation.Besides experience and expertise, a person which might be of help in this situation has to be someone who has a good understanding of it and the ability to explain things precisely and quickly. Beware of faux experts which may make the problem even worse.Look for opinions from those who are willing to share their experience for the sake of helping and sharing their knowledge.3. Ask the right questionsThis goes way beyond- what am I gonna do now? Ask as many “wh-” and any other questions as possible. The deeper you dig into the core of a problem, the better are the chances that you will come up with something.Who can help? Why did the problem occur? When did it start? Where to look for solutions? Start from the simplest and proceed to the more complicated ones. Sooner than you realize you will be just a step away from having the final answer.4. Take a chance and do somethingIf a manager has some rough idea what might be of help but is not sure whether that will bring positive results, what to do? Give it a try! Even if this is not the most perfect solution, still it will give you the next directions for solving the issue.Of course, don’t risk just for the sake of it or when you can make more damage than good. Feel free to take some step and the next one will be easier because the directions will be at least a bit clearer than the step before.As we said, it’s mostly up to managers to give the final decision, and these tips can be of help. Routine and self-confidence usually come with time, and new managers are always in more challenging situations than those who are already in this position for quite some time.But, when one is ready to learn, he/she is on a good way to become a quality manager. This rule goes both for newbies and experienced managers. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL MANAGER?New managers usually deal with more challenges. Getting promoted gives one lot of mixed feelings. It is flattering to know that you are in the position to lead the team and be in charge of some big decisions. But there’s also the pressure one feels, that all the answers have to be ready from day one.A newbie shouldn’t despair, as he/she is not alone in this. It’s quite a natural feeling. One has to learn how to mask the feeling of not being ready to cope with all the upcoming situations, to pretend that he/she has all the answers even if that’s not the case.New managers struggle with feelings of incompetence even if they are highly experienced and full of knowledge. Here are some helpful bits of advice on how one can deal with all the sets of expectations.1. Know your knowledgeFor the beginning, you should be aware of what you know and what you don’t know. That will help you realize what are the situations where you can give quick solutions and what are the ones w here you will have to learn. You don’t have to be instantly capable of solving anything and everything from day one no human being is.After all, if someone decided to promote you to this position, that certainly means you have some valuable skills and bits of knowledge, as well as the good predisposition to deal with issues. That’s should be a motivational starting point for you.2. Let your freshness be your advantageBeing new in some field brings many new possibilities, both to you and your team. Sometimes a slight pressure can trigger innovative solutions and answers. Imagine how the pioneers in some industries felt like. If they didn’t dare to try, we would never have some amazing and intriguing discoveries. Lots of positive things happened because people decided to think outside the box. Don’t be afraid of some unusual solutions.3. Keep on askingGive your team an example that constant inquiry is a positive quality. That way both you as a new manager and your team members will feel more confident when the problem comes. Moreover, the feeling of being exposed when the answer is not instantly visible will not be so intense.By asking questions you encourage team members to come to you with ideas, to exchange them, and that way you create a positive atmosphere between all of you. After all, a team is about exchanging knowledge and experience.4. Make space for other membersEach team consists of people of different levels of knowledge and experience, which means that some of them have better chances over the others to come up with a solution. And when we say others, a manager also belongs to the group.By giving other an opportunity to express themselves a manager creates a healthy working atmosphere where members treat each other with respect. By acting that way, a manager earns more respect from the colleagues.Just go back to the days where you were one of the team members striving to express his/her opinion to the manager. And the happiness that comes w hen a manager used your opinion to fix the issue. Continue that behavior even when you are a manager because that way you encourage people to express their thoughts and ideas.5. “I don’t know” mottoRepeat this sentence every day, because you will be more and more motivated to look for answers and solutions. Of course, don’t go bragging about not knowing anything, as it can be counterproductive. Just admit that even you as a manager are not obliged to know everything at once, that you have to learn more and upgrade yourself. By sharing this very personal feeling with team members, you also show them that you respect and trust them. And when a team knows that, your relationship will become stronger, which will result in more productiveness and success in the future.As you can see being a good manager is actually a set of feelings and behaviors which should be repeated every day. That “day one” is never easy, but the sooner one realizes that it’s all about learning and ac quiring new tricks and tips, the sooner one will become a successful manager.But even the experienced managers should follow these rules, as they can also be in a situation where they don’t know something. Including yourself in a team, rather than excluding is what managers should do, when looking for answers and solutions.FINAL THOUGHT ON MANAGERS AND ANSWERSRegardless of being an experienced manager or a newbie in the field, or not a manager at all, we do hope that our article was motivating and encouraging for you. After learning why managers don’t have to have all the answers at once and why is actually bad to have them all, you became aware of the difference between a good and a bad manager.Above all, we mostly hope that now you realize the true power of “I don’t know”. Now that you know that not knowing is not a bad thing, you can approach things differently. And, again, that’s something that can be applied in all situations in life. This sentence should motivate p eople to upgrade and improve themselves, to strive for more.Now that you have all this tips and tricks, try applying them throughout all fields of your life. As the days go by, you will notice numerous positive changes. Life is all about learning and upgrading each and every second, and it doesn’t take much to be in the right way.

Managers Dont Have All the Answers

“Managers Don’t Have All the Answers” Managers are expected to be well-informed, well-organized and ready to answer all the questions! But is it really like that in reality? They are all just people after all, with all the virtues and flaws each of us have. So, do managers really have to have all the answers?Have you ever heard of the term “the iceberg of ignorance”? Let’s start with the premise that front-line supervisors should know how to fix all the front-line problems. Should they, actually?Regardless of the number of people in a team, you have a few levels of workers there. And those who are in the lower positions are the ones who are majorly aware of those front-line problems.That’s natural because they are in the busiest level of a job. As one gets promoted, new duties come, which decreases the knowledge on these problems on daily basis. To put it shortly, the higher the position, the less is the knowledge on front-line problems.With that having said, how can anyone expect that managers have all the answe rs? It takes a lot for any team to be successful and work well, and in this article, we shall reveal all there is about being a manager. You will see why managers actually don’t need to know all the answers.Besides that, you will see why some managers still tend to have all the answers and how good that is. Moreover, you will find out what to do when a quick solution is needed and what does it take to become a successful manager.WHY MANAGERS NEEDN’T KNOW ALL THE ANSWERS?As a manager, one is expected to be capable of dealing with all the problems. However, there are some problems which are trickier and the solution is not so clear. Do managers need to solve it despite that? Yes, but by using a wider approach rather than trying to act alone.Whereas back then admitting that you don’t know something was shameful and unacceptable, nowadays things are way different. Here’s why:By admitting that he/she doesn’t have all the answers a manager shows that after all he/she is only a h uman being and equal among others.Not knowing all the answers gives lots of chances for a manager to learn more, dig deeper and expand and upgrade his/her knowledge.When a manager doesn’t have an answer that can be an opportunity for other team members to come up with some ideas and solutions.So, at this point, you may wonder what is the right amount of knowledge a manager should have. The answer is- enough! Enough to put him/her in a position to make some important decisions but still leaving space for new ideas and bits of knowledge to come.The purpose of a team working and team building is in learning from each other. Yes, there are different positions in teams, low and high, more and less responsible, but a team is a machinery which works well only if all parts are in it. Even without the smallest one, the machinery wouldn’t work properly.That’s why it is very important that team members constantly work together. They should improve and learn from each other. A manager sho uld serve as a coordinator who will, acting this way, give a positive example of a good team behavior.WHAT IF A MANAGER HAS ALL THE ANSWERS?The simplest answer to this would be- the manager is in the wrong way! Having all the answers doesn’t make you the smartest person in your team. Quite the opposite. A manager who thinks he/she has all the answers is actually a person who doesn’t listen to the other team members. When one acts that way, this is what he/she is saying to team members:I’m smarter than all of you.I don’t need your help.Just put your heads down and listen to me, do what I tell you without question.Regardless of your knowledge and expertise, I’m the one whose opinion and decisions are the most important.Yeah, you will agree that these sentences sound terrible, but that’s the truth. These are just some of the messages a manager with all the answers is sending to his/her colleagues. Such behavior is quite the opposite of how should a team look like. By acting this way, a manager alienates and disengages from the team, and that leads to disaster.Some managers believe that this exclusion from the rest of the team by sending others message that you have all the answers will make people think that he/she is a smart and powerful manager. But, luckily, that kind of a manager rarely remains in a position of a leader.That kind of behavior is often just a shield of protection. Its a mask behind which one actually tries to hide the feeling of insecurity. In reality, a good manager is the one that cooperates with team members.Just to make one thing clear. There are situations where instant answers are needed and a manager somehow tends to be the first figure other team members consult.Some  situations  require prompt and efficient answer which will solve the issue as soon as possible, without numerous meetings or some wide discussion. Such situations are not the same to what we previously described.Managers will provide quick answers on occasions where they are necessary for solving the problem as fastest as possible. However, looking in some general way, managers should listen to team members. A team is all about cooperating, exchanging thoughts and experiences, growing the big idea by contributing from multiple sides.Furthermore, we shall also discuss these situations where a manager has to think of a solution as soon as possible. Moreover, we shall describe what does it take to be a successful manager. WHAT TO DO WHEN A MANAGER NEEDS TO GIVE AN INSTANT ANSWER?As we mentioned, there are some situations where the quick solution is necessary. If team members cannot solve it, the final word will come from a manager. But if even a manager is not sure what is the right thing to do, but something still has to be done- what to do?Some managers will admit, which will definitely increase their credibility among colleagues. That will motivate others to suggest some solutions. Like we said, admitting that you don’t have an answer w ill open lots of possibilities both for you and other team members.Still, whether one admits or not, the problem has to be solved. Making that very first step in such situations is usually very hard. But as soon as one does it, things will start moving in a positive direction. Here’s what managers usually do when this is the case.1. Define the challenge preciselyMeet your enemy- that’s what this is! Say it out loud! Of course, don’t go through the company literally yelling that you don’t have an answer, but pronounce the sentence so that you can hear it for the beginning.Even if a manager hasn’t got an instant answer, he/she should be able to ask better questions! The right questions will significantly speed up the whole process of problem-solving.A manager should have a deeper understanding of a problem but trying to figure out what he/she knows about it and what not. This will significantly help by at least defining things into two categories- what is familiar and what i s not.2. Use other people’s experience and expertiseUnless it’s a business which is something never seen before, the odds are that someone was in the similar or same situation.Besides experience and expertise, a person which might be of help in this situation has to be someone who has a good understanding of it and the ability to explain things precisely and quickly. Beware of faux experts which may make the problem even worse.Look for opinions from those who are willing to share their experience for the sake of helping and sharing their knowledge.3. Ask the right questionsThis goes way beyond- what am I gonna do now? Ask as many “wh-” and any other questions as possible. The deeper you dig into the core of a problem, the better are the chances that you will come up with something.Who can help? Why did the problem occur? When did it start? Where to look for solutions? Start from the simplest and proceed to the more complicated ones. Sooner than you realize you will be just a step away from having the final answer.4. Take a chance and do somethingIf a manager has some rough idea what might be of help but is not sure whether that will bring positive results, what to do? Give it a try! Even if this is not the most perfect solution, still it will give you the next directions for solving the issue.Of course, don’t risk just for the sake of it or when you can make more damage than good. Feel free to take some step and the next one will be easier because the directions will be at least a bit clearer than the step before.As we said, it’s mostly up to managers to give the final decision, and these tips can be of help. Routine and self-confidence usually come with time, and new managers are always in more challenging situations than those who are already in this position for quite some time.But, when one is ready to learn, he/she is on a good way to become a quality manager. This rule goes both for newbies and experienced managers. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL MANAGER?New managers usually deal with more challenges. Getting promoted gives one lot of mixed feelings. It is flattering to know that you are in the position to lead the team and be in charge of some big decisions. But there’s also the pressure one feels, that all the answers have to be ready from day one.A newbie shouldn’t despair, as he/she is not alone in this. It’s quite a natural feeling. One has to learn how to mask the feeling of not being ready to cope with all the upcoming situations, to pretend that he/she has all the answers even if that’s not the case.New managers struggle with feelings of incompetence even if they are highly experienced and full of knowledge. Here are some helpful bits of advice on how one can deal with all the sets of expectations.1. Know your knowledgeFor the beginning, you should be aware of what you know and what you don’t know. That will help you realize what are the situations where you can give quick solutions and what are the ones w here you will have to learn. You don’t have to be instantly capable of solving anything and everything from day one no human being is.After all, if someone decided to promote you to this position, that certainly means you have some valuable skills and bits of knowledge, as well as the good predisposition to deal with issues. That’s should be a motivational starting point for you.2. Let your freshness be your advantageBeing new in some field brings many new possibilities, both to you and your team. Sometimes a slight pressure can trigger innovative solutions and answers. Imagine how the pioneers in some industries felt like. If they didn’t dare to try, we would never have some amazing and intriguing discoveries. Lots of positive things happened because people decided to think outside the box. Don’t be afraid of some unusual solutions.3. Keep on askingGive your team an example that constant inquiry is a positive quality. That way both you as a new manager and your team members will feel more confident when the problem comes. Moreover, the feeling of being exposed when the answer is not instantly visible will not be so intense.By asking questions you encourage team members to come to you with ideas, to exchange them, and that way you create a positive atmosphere between all of you. After all, a team is about exchanging knowledge and experience.4. Make space for other membersEach team consists of people of different levels of knowledge and experience, which means that some of them have better chances over the others to come up with a solution. And when we say others, a manager also belongs to the group.By giving other an opportunity to express themselves a manager creates a healthy working atmosphere where members treat each other with respect. By acting that way, a manager earns more respect from the colleagues.Just go back to the days where you were one of the team members striving to express his/her opinion to the manager. And the happiness that comes w hen a manager used your opinion to fix the issue. Continue that behavior even when you are a manager because that way you encourage people to express their thoughts and ideas.5. “I don’t know” mottoRepeat this sentence every day, because you will be more and more motivated to look for answers and solutions. Of course, don’t go bragging about not knowing anything, as it can be counterproductive. Just admit that even you as a manager are not obliged to know everything at once, that you have to learn more and upgrade yourself. By sharing this very personal feeling with team members, you also show them that you respect and trust them. And when a team knows that, your relationship will become stronger, which will result in more productiveness and success in the future.As you can see being a good manager is actually a set of feelings and behaviors which should be repeated every day. That “day one” is never easy, but the sooner one realizes that it’s all about learning and ac quiring new tricks and tips, the sooner one will become a successful manager.But even the experienced managers should follow these rules, as they can also be in a situation where they don’t know something. Including yourself in a team, rather than excluding is what managers should do, when looking for answers and solutions.FINAL THOUGHT ON MANAGERS AND ANSWERSRegardless of being an experienced manager or a newbie in the field, or not a manager at all, we do hope that our article was motivating and encouraging for you. After learning why managers don’t have to have all the answers at once and why is actually bad to have them all, you became aware of the difference between a good and a bad manager.Above all, we mostly hope that now you realize the true power of “I don’t know”. Now that you know that not knowing is not a bad thing, you can approach things differently. And, again, that’s something that can be applied in all situations in life. This sentence should motivate p eople to upgrade and improve themselves, to strive for more.Now that you have all this tips and tricks, try applying them throughout all fields of your life. As the days go by, you will notice numerous positive changes. Life is all about learning and upgrading each and every second, and it doesn’t take much to be in the right way.

Computer Science That Has Evolved From Pattern Recognition...

‘Machine Learning is a sub discipline of Computer Science that has evolved from Pattern Recognition and Computational Learning Theory.’ ML is akin to Data Mining in the sense that both approaches look for patterns in the data set and while the former trains the program to better its understanding, the latter focuses on extraction of data for human comprehension. A typical application employing ML would involve the design and construction of an algorithm where the program is trained through huge samples of historical data to create a model. This model is later utilized on real time data sets to predict what happens next. While Machine Learning itself has been around for decades, it has found itself into reckoning with the advent of Big†¦show more content†¦Amazon Web Services S3 or Microsoft’s Azure are few amongst the various cloud services currently available that allow users to store massive amounts data at unbelievably low costs. With massive data at disposal comes the huge potential to analyze this data to draw inferences or predict future events. But why exactly is Machine Learning moving to the cloud? A compelling reason to move to the cloud would be the varying computational requirements in the ML lifecycle. The process of training/ retraining your model requires enormous computation power and resources, while the process of utilizing your trained models does not require any resources. The varying workload of the ML lifecycle makes it an ideal candidate for the cloud. Cloud Computing is a powerful technology that allows complex computations on massive scale data by eliminating the need to maintain dedicated storage space or maintain expensive hardware. Also it follows intuitively to train your models in the cloud where the data is stored. Prior to the advent of cloud based ML platforms, the only way to do advanced analytics was to purchase packages such as SAS or IBM’s SPSS or resort to tools like R. The cloud based platforms make Machine Learning more accessible to a large group of users who intend to deploy predictive models in order to enhance their products or services. Cloud based Machine Learning Services:

Macroeconomics And Economics As A Whole Essay - 2290 Words

Matthew Jones Professor Ahmad Macroeconomics 11/29/16 Throughout the semester many concepts of macroeconomics and economics as a whole have been discussed thoroughly. Macroeconomics is defined as the study of the economy as a whole. The study of macroeconomics consists of many economic indicators. These economic indicators allow analysis of economic performance, predictions of future performance, and will indicate the overall health of the nation. Economists want to be able to forecast the direction the economy will take in the near future and they rely on different economic indicators. They have never agreed on a single economic indicator to predict the future. Some indicators are better than others, but none is consistently accurate; all give a false signal on occasion. The six economic indicators that will be focused on are Gross Domestic Product, Unemployment, Consumer Price Index, Retail Sales, Consumer Confidence, and Durable Goods. The economic indicators help see where the economy is in terms of the business cycle, which shows the rising and falling of economic conditions over time. The first economic indicator is Gross Domestic Product, commonly referred to as GDP. GDP is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a period of time, typically one year. The definition of GDP may seem very straightforward, but there are many subtleties. One key idea about this definition is that GDP only involves final goods andShow MoreRelatedFinance Is Based On Economics841 Words   |  4 PagesFinance is based on economics. Therefore, to properly understand financial markets and their behavior, you must first understand economics. Economics is the concern of production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. It is the science that arises out of the relationship between limited resources and unlimited wants and needs by humans. Macroeconomics started with John Maynard Keynes, an English economist, who published a book entitled General Theory of Employment, InterestRead MoreMacroeconomics and Its Impact669 Words à ‚  |  3 Pagesï » ¿Macroeconomics and its Impact on Entering the Business World Macroeconomics is the field of economics that studies the behavior of the aggregate economy. Macroeconomics  examines economy-wide phenomena such as changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, gross domestic product, inflation and price levels (Investopedia, 2011). In other words, macroeconomics examines economic trends in the economy as a whole, in contrast to microeconomics, which looks at the decisions made by firmsRead MoreThe Study of Macroeconomics1507 Words   |  7 Pagesmarkets. †¢ Macroeconomics – the study of the economy as a whole. – Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once. †¢ The Two Groups of Economists †¢ Macroeconomists †¢ Focus on the economy as a whole. †¢ Spend much time analyzing how total income changes and how changes in income cause changes in other modes of economic behavior. †¢ Microeconomists †¢ Focus on the markets for individual commodities and on the decisions of single economic agentsRead MoreMicroeconomics Versus Macroeconomics Bus6101627 Words   |  7 PagesMicroeconomics versus Macroeconomics Economics for the Global Manager BUS610-1101C-02 Abstract I want to thank everyone for joining me today to review the effects of microeconomics and macroeconomics in conjunction with the healthcare industry. We will start with a brief introduction of what we will review, and then briefly hit on the subject matter in a bit more detail. â€Å"The world’s largest and most diverse economy currently faces the most severe economic challenges in a generation orRead MoreMacroeconomics And Macroeconomics Of Macroeconomics1445 Words   |  6 PagesMacroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning large and economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies.[1][2] With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields ineconomics. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, National income, price indices, and the interrelationsRead MoreEconomics Affects Our Daily Life1576 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Economics affects our daily life. Economics is the social science, which inspects how individuals allocate limited resources in order to satisfy their various desires. Different aspects of economy analyzes and studies production, factors of production, demand and supply analysis, consumption, distribution, market structure etc. Question 1 Economics can be classified into two main branches, which are macroeconomics and microeconomics. 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To make a decision the RBA must examine the economic growth and what guarantees long- run economic growth? Money has key functions but what are they and how does it function within the reserve bank? How will loweringRead MoreThe Role of Macroeconomic Variables in the Financial Market673 Words   |  3 PagesMacroeconomic variables play a significant role in the financial market and when it is properly used it can be a precious resource for the investors and traders. By understanding the integration between the macroeconomic variables and the stock market will guide investors a long way to make better investment decision. The key objective of the study is to investigate the impact and the relationship of six selected macroeconomic variables namely, Consumer Price Index(CPI), Gross Domestic Product(GDP)Read More Running The British Economy Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pages============ A study of economics in terms of whole systems especially with reference to general levels of output and income and to the interrelations among sectors of the economy is called macroeconomics. Macroeconomics is concerned with the behavior of the economy as a whole—with booms and recessions, the economy’s total output of goods and services and the growth of output, the rates of inflation and unemployment, the balance of payments, and exchange rates. Macroeconomics deals with the increase

The Colonialism Effect Of Africa - 1002 Words

The Colonialism Effect of Africa As the world races for its place in history, many continents excel on their mark on the map. It is because Africa was in the right place, but in a different time they were taken advantage of their glory. Although it is difficult for Africa to retrace and reclaim its memoirs, it has an origin that had existed before colonialism. The attempt of challenging modern history has desperately provided an economical realm that extracts and injects into Africa resources. Due to various cultural differences from external forces Africa has prevailed. Uniquely enough, the major problems seeded from colonialism had gradually disrupted the progression of billions of Africans living in various societies. As functional as†¦show more content†¦Even though African societies existed in a peaceful and prosperous state before colonialism the slow interactions than in turn intersected regional and cultural diversity. In a few cases, indigenous communities had in fact been better off before colonia lism. It is important to understand the issues that are represented in African history because of the effects it has globally. The power surge of colonialism changed the lives of billions who were affected by its brute force. Even so the perception of Africa is an indigenous society, even till this day it has casted a shadow on its realities. Within the transition of European settlements in the early nineteenth century, Europeans wanted to change African societies because of its unusual methods. In this case, Europeans, found African norms unusual and ineffective when actually Africans had thrived in a social order. Furthermore, African societies had proved as a type of utopia of their own ‘Checks Balances’ in which benefited everyone. In some cases, the form of currency had rendered useless until capital investment were placed on Africa’s resources, including young men used for the transatlantic slave trade and the discovery of oil. As the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1919, it had created a power vacuum leaving Africa opened for grabs. Territories had than became inherited by the control of Europeans.Show MoreRelatedAfrican Colonialism And Its Effects On Africa1669 Words   |  7 Pagesinto, this happened to many places including Africa. Colonialism was a time when countries took control of another land, which they then governed through direct or indirect rule depending on the country. During this time, Africa was most sought after due to its resources and its uninhabited land. Due to this, all colonial powers scrambled to get their hands on a piece of Africa in order to expand their areas of rule. As a result of the scramble for Africa the Berlin Conference was held. 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A critical view of the activities carried in the study to explain the social, economic and political effect of colonialism, and a qualitative of the growth rate of the West Africa countries were examined. The study therefore concludes that colonialism greatly had an impact in the growth of the countries in the selected West Africa countries. 1.0 Introduction Our research study will focus more on the effect of colonialism in Western part Africa by examiningRead MoreAfrican Perspectives On Colonialism By Adu Boahen1138 Words   |  5 PagesHistory 108 Section G 4/23/15 â€Å"African Perspectives on Colonialism† is a book written by A. Adu Boahen. This book classifies the African responses to European colonialism in the 19th century. Boahen begins with the status of Africa in the last quarter of the 19th century and follows through the first years of African independence. This book deals with a twenty year time period between 1880 and 1900. 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Although, both Joseph Conrad and Alan Paton portray the colonized areas as very negative, deathRead MoreColonialism has plagued indigenous people worldwide and has spelled disaster for countless800 Words   |  4 PagesColonialism has plagued indigenous people worldwide and has spelled disaster for countless cultures, languages, and traditions. Over the past 500 years there have been different phases of colonization in Africa as well as other various parts of earth. There were many reasons behind exploration and colonization including economic and tactical reasons, religion, and prestige. Colonialism has shaped the contemporary understanding of individuals from Niger as well as other parts of Africa and other places

Winter Dreams Essay Example For Students

Winter Dreams Essay Theories attempting to explain the origin of dreams range from providing stimulation for the development of the brain to enhancing storage and reorganization. Contrary to popular belief, dreaming is not caused by eating certain foods before bedtime, nor by environmental stimuli during sleeping. Dreaming is caused by internal biological processes. Now, as in the past, the most significant controversy centers on the question of whether dreams have intentional or actual personal meaning. Many psychotherapists maintain that while the neurological impulses from the brain stem may activate the dreaming process, the content or meaningful representations in dreams are caused by nonconscious needs, wishes, desires, and everyday concerns of the dreamer. Recent research indicates that dream content reflects problems that the dreamer experiences in life, and the function of such dreams is to facilitate the emotional resolution of the problems. The most recent method was developed for use with ad ult populations, and involves simply asking subjects to write down the last dream they can remember having, whether it was last night, last week, or last month(Domhoff, 1996, p.310; Domhoff Schneider, 1995). The subjects are also asked to write down the date and times that they recall the dreams. The survey included many sub-samples ranging from 25 all the way to 250 dreams from Hall and Van de Castles(1966) normative sample of 500 dreams. These dreams were provided by 100 college men between the ages of 18 and 22. Samples of 100 to 125 single dreams from each subject came close to duplicating the norms. Another study of 100 most recent dreams written down by college women between the ages of 18 and 25 at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in the early 1990s showed the findings did not differ from the Hall and Van de Castle(1966) female norms based on 500 dream reports provided by 100 college women between 18 and 22. The methods used for the survey kept the students in a natural environment allowing the students to feel comfortable and at ease. The teacher would introduce the sample taker to the students. The sample taker would then explain what they were doing and would come back and explain the results to the students once the survey was completed. The students reacted positively by asking questions which she(surveyor) answered. After the students had asked all of their questions she passed out the Most Recent Dream Form and read the instructions to the students. This resulted in 272 samples being taken between 16 classrooms. Once collected, the samples were coded for quantitative dream content analysis by the first and second authors. By the method of agreement(Domhoff, 1996, p.28) in which the number agreed-upon codes made by two coders is divided by the sum of all their codes. If there was a difference in the coding, the surveyors discussed and resolved the difference. The results of the survey demonstrated that of all the girls and boys interviewed only 57% could not or would not recall a recent dream. That is why the survey had to entail 16 classrooms to net enough samples to have a credible result. The dream reports were measured by time and showed that it took younger people(12 13 years old) longer to write down a dream than it took young adults. The gender similarities and differences found in the present study are consistent with those in the Hall and Van de Castle(1966) norms for young adults. These findings support the usefulness of most recent dream reports from teenagers in scientific investigations. They also fit with Foulkes'(1982, pp. 184, 217). The percentage of dream reports in three different length categories for girls, women, men and boys are as follows. Girls over 200 words 28%, 50-199 words 64.5%, under 50 words is 7.5%; Women over 200 words 15%, 50 199 words 77.8%, under 50 words was 7%; Boys over 200 words 10%, 50 199 64.3% , under 50 words 25.7%; and finally Men over 200 words 10.7%, 50 199 words 78.9%, and under 50 words was 10.4%. .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .postImageUrl , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:hover , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:visited , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:active { border:0!important; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:active , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Book Report EssayCognitive psychologists are concerned with logic and thought processing during dreaming, and how they are different from mental processes during the waking state. In studies of the developmental cognitive processes of childrens dreams,

The Airbus Fly

Introduction Before the introduction of the fly-by-wire system in civil aviation, pilots had to rely only on manual controls during flight. Fly-by-wire is an innovation that replaces an aircraft’s manual controls with an electronic interface.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fly-by-wire is a digital flight control system that enables signals from manual controls to be converted into electrical signals after which control computers determine the appropriate response (Droste Walker, 2003). The Airbus Company was the first airplane manufacturer to introduce this system in their A320. The Airbus fly-by-wire system was certified in 1988 and was used the same year during the launch of the first A320 (McRuer Graham, 1981). Manual flight control systems are very bulky and the control cables need to be carefully laid through the relevant section s of the airplane. The control systems and cables need redundant backup that guard against failures and as such further increases the weight of the aircraft and the work of the crew. Mechanical flight controls are prone to several dangerous issues such as spinning, stalling and pilot-induced oscillation (Pratt, 2000). In fly-by-wire, the control of the aircraft is only achieved through the use of electrical signals. The controls are configured to control computers in the aircraft. This means that the link between the operator and the control actuators is interposed by a computer system hence modifying the operator’s inputs with regards to the control parameters.Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fly-By-Wire In the study of mechanics of flight, we can assume that an aircraft can be represented as a rigid body, designed by a set body of axis as shown in figure 1. The rigid body dyna mics therefore has six degrees of freedom, given by three rotations about, and three translations along the axes. This model allows modeling of all forces and moments acting on the plane (Stephens Lewis, 1992). Figure 1: Body axis aircraft co-ordinate system retrieved from Stephens and Lewis (1992, p.24) In order to achieve flight control, the capability to control the forces and moments acting on the plane is imperative. If we can control the forces and moments, then by default we can control the accelerations and hence velocities, rotations and translations. The Flight Control System is designed to achieve this through the aircraft’s flight control surfaces that include the rudder, edge flaps, trailing and foreplane (Pratt, 2000). Flight control system also needs to control the thrust provided by the engines, since they also produce the forces and moments acting on the plane. On a standard airplane, control signals from the pilot are transmitted to the actuators by a syst em of mechanical components as shown in Figure 2.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 2: Mechanical control system retrieved from Stephens Lewis (1992, p.26) Direct mechanical connections between the cockpit controls (rudder pedals and pitch/roll sticks) and the control surfaces that maneuver the plane were used in mechanical flight controls. In standard airplanes, computers within the plane constantly modify the pilot feel on controls while the auto-pilot computers can be able to control the actuators (Lloyd Tye, 1992). However in fly-by-wire airplanes, flight control surfaces are all digitally controlled and activated by means of a hydraulic system. The rudder and the Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizers in these airplanes can also be manually controlled. The early mechanical means of control had very high levels of integrity, in terms of the probability of the loss of aircraft control. In FBW planes, the side sticks are used to control the plane in pitch and roll as well as indirect control through turn coordination in yaw (Gibson, 1999). The flight control computers in the planes interpret the pilot’s inputs and consequently move the surfaces as required to accomplish the desired flight path. When the plane is in auto-pilot mode, the flight control computers receive flight signals from the auto-pilot computers. Flight control computers in FBW planes not only control operations but they also monitor them. The response of the aircraft to signals is feedback to both the flight control and auto-pilot computers through specific sensors and then sent for display to the aircraft crew through dedicated screens (Gibson, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to ensure that the high integrity levels of earlier mechanical systems are achieved in FBW planes, numerous lanes of computing and multiple signal sources are required to offer redundancy. These systems also need to be cross-monitored in order to ensure that failed equipments are identified and isolated thus ensuring safe operation. A broad built-in-test system is also installed, to guarantee that the system is working in the expected capacity and is safe to fly before each flight and also to identify and isolate failures before flight (Lloyd Tye, 1992). Basic Operation Although fly-by-wire systems are relatively complex, their operation is relatively simple to understand. When the side-stick is moved by the pilot, a signal is sent through multiple channels to a computer. In most situations, a Triplex is used i.e. the signals are sent through three channels. Once the computer receives the signal, it adds the voltages of the signals and divides this with the number of signa ls received to achieve the mean average voltage (North, 2000). After this, the computer adds another channel and the signals are relayed to an actuator connected to the control surface thus causing the surface to move. A negative voltage is then sent by potentiometers in the actuator back to the computer describing the location of the actuator. When the desired position is achieved, the incoming signal and feedback cancel each other out causing the actuator to stop moving (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). The fly-by-wire technology enables the aircraft computers to function without any input from the pilots. The fly-by-wire control systems have enabled automatic stability system to be included in the plane and act autonomously to the pilot’s input. To enable automatic stabilizing systems to operate, gyroscopes that have built-in sensors are installed in the aircraft to sense movement changes in yaw, roll and pitch axes (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). Any movement that deviates from the flight level axis triggers a signal to the computer that responds by moving the actuators thereby causing automatic stabilization. Benefits and concerns of the Fly-by-Wire technology The main advantage of fly-by-wire is the ability to mold the system’s attributes at all points in the plane’s flight envelope. Flight envelope protection is achieved through the use of flight control laws which are scheduled according to the flight conditions. Another benefit is carefree handling that is achieved in two ways. The first way in the provision of carefree handling is through providing controls for the angle of attack and the suppression of the angle of sideslip thereby preventing the plane from stalling. The second way of achieving carefree handling is by using automatic controls to limit the roll rate and normal acceleration in order to avoid over-stressing of the airframe. Carefree handling is mainly a mean to reduce the workload of the pilot especially during maneu vering in order to avoid wind shears and obstacles (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). The fly-by-wire technology also provides aircraft agility. This helps in providing a mean for quick changes in velocity vector and fuselage aiming. The technology also allows the control of an unstable airframe through improved lift/drag ratio and an enhancement in the maximum lift capacity that contribute to increased aircraft turning capability. Apart from this, the technology also reduces drag through optimized trim setting of the controls. Fly-by-wire technology has also enabled reconfiguration to allow flight continuation or safe recovery following system failure (David, 2000). Advanced autopilot system has also reduced the pilot’s workload during flights. Finally, fly-by-wire technology has led to reduced maintenance cost due to the decrease in mechanical complexity and also the advantages arising from the built-in tests. These benefits can however only be attained if appropriate control law architecture is established. Control laws can only be established if there is a good knowledge of the systems, safety measures and equipment engineering, flight control and flight dynamics (Lloyd Tye, 1992). Although the cost of setting up the fly-by-wire technology is relatively high, the performance and safety benefits easily justify this cost. The main concern posed by this system is reliability. Mechanical control systems only fail gradually thus allowing engineers and the crew to identify and fix these systems according. However, the chance that all computers in an airplane may fail could lead to the total lack of control of the plane. Modern fly-by-wire airplanes have introduced redundant computers and mechanical flight control back-up in order to reduce the chances of overall failure. Built-in tests and independent fly-by-wire channels have also been introduced to ensure that in no time can all the systems in the plane fail. Conclusion In civil aviation, no invention has had a greater impact that the fly-by-wheel technology. This technology was first experimented for military operations but it was however introduced in civil aviation by the Airbus Company in their A320 plane. The fly-by-wheel technology has offered several benefits to civil aviation that would otherwise been not achieved. One of the main advantages is that fly-by-wheel control systems have enabled integration of auto-stabilization system and flight envelope protection. The fly-by-wheel technology has been revolutionary in the civil aviation field as it was the starting point for various innovations that have been realized over the years. Further developments that have arisen due to this technology include fly by optics, power-by-wire, intelligent flight control systems, and fly-by-wireless systems. These systems have all enhanced the efficiency of aircrafts by reducing weight, improving maintenance and crew workload as well as enhancing safety. In the past, aircraft manufacturers h ad to rely on extensive connections between the cockpit and the control surfaces requiring the need for joints, pulleys and long cables. This not only increased the weight of the aircraft but also increased the workload of the crew as well as posing the risk that some defects may pass unnoticed. The fly-by-wire system has negated all these concerns and has provided a mean to ensure that civil aviation is safe, effective and cheap. Considering all the advantages brought by this system and the potential for future developments, fly-by-wire systems is definitely one of the most important developments brought into the civil aviation field thanks to Airbus. References Droste, C., Walker, J., 2003. The General Dynamics Case Study on the F-16 Fly-By-Wire Flight Control System. Reston, VA: AIAA Professional Study Series. Gibson, J., 1999. Development of a methodology for excellence in handling qualities design for  Fly by wire aircraft. Delft, NZ: Delft University Press. Lloyd E., Tye W . 1982. Systematic Safety (Safety Assessment of Aircraft Systems. Civil  Aviation Authority, London, 1982. McRuer D., Graham D., 1981. Eighty Years of Flight Control: Triumphs and Pitfalls of the Systems Approach. AIAA Journal of Guidance and Control, 4(4), 64-88. Pratt R. W., 2000. Flight Control Systems Practical Issues in Design and Application. IEE  Control Engineering Series, 57 (1): 220-258. Stevens B. L., Lewis F. L., 1992. Aircraft Control and Simulation. New York: John Wiley Son, 1992. This essay on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System was written and submitted by user Michaela Howe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Using Blooms Taxonomy for Effective Learning

Using Bloom's Taxonomy for Effective Learning The hierarchy of Blooms Taxonomy is the widely accepted framework through which all teachers should guide their students through the cognitive learning process. In other words, teachers use this framework to focus on higher order thinking skills. You can think of Blooms Taxonomy as a pyramid, with simple knowledge-based recall questions at the base. Building up through this foundation, you can ask your students increasingly challenging questions to test their comprehension of a given material. Utility By asking these critical thinking questions or higher order questions, you are developing all levels of thinking. Students will have improved attention to detail, as well as an increase in their comprehension and problem-solving skills. Levels There are six levels in the framework, here is a brief look at each of them and a few examples of the questions that you would ask for each component. Knowledge: In this level students are asked questions to see if they have gained insight from the lesson. (What is... Where is... How would you describe?)Comprehension: During this level, students will be asked to interpret facts that they learned. (What is the main idea... How would you summarize?)Application: Questions asked during this level are meant to have students apply or use the knowledge learned during the lesson. (How would you use... How would you solve?)Analysis:Â  In the analysis level, students will be required to go beyond knowledge and see if they can analyze a problem. (What is the theme... How would you classify?)Synthesis: During the synthesis level of questioning students are expected to come up with a theory about what they learned or use predictions. (What would happen if... What facts can you compile?)Evaluation: The top level of Blooms Taxonomy is called evaluation. This is where students are expected to assess the information learned and come to a conclusio n about it. (What is your opinion of...how would you evaluate... How would you select... What data was used?) Corresponding Verb Examples Remembering: arrange, define, duplicate, label, list, memorize, name, order, recognize, relate, recall, repeat, reproduce, stateUnderstanding: classify, describe, discuss, explain, express, identify, indicate, locate, recognize, report, restate, review, select, translateApplying: apply, choose, demonstrate, dramatize, employ, illustrate, interpret, operate, practice, schedule, sketch, solve, use, writeAnalyzing: analyze, appraise, calculate, categorize, compare, contrast, criticize, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, experiment, question, testEvaluating: appraise, argue, assess, attach, choose, compare, defend estimate, judge, predict, rate, core, select, support, value, evaluateCreating: arrange, assemble, collect, compose, construct, create, design, develop, formulate, manage, organize, plan, prepare, propose, set up, write

The CAtcher in the Rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The CAtcher in the Rye - Essay Example Holden, as narrator, treats the events of the book as separate from the rest of his life, not feeling it worth getting into â€Å"all that David Copperfield kind of crap† (1). He is attempting to treat his life separate from his psychological condition; however, without intending to do so, he illustrates how very connected it really is. Without the brief bits of information we receive about his younger brother Allie, it would be difficult to understand the events of the book and Holden’s motivations. Through a psychological examination of Holden’s breakdown, we can see that many of the attitudes expressed by Holden and his irrational behavior can all be traced back to the death of his younger brother when he was thirteen. It is significant that the traumatic death of Holden’s brother Allie took place at thirteen. This is the age that is generally considered the be the end of childhood and the beginning of the teenager years. This is often a difficult time for people as they are beginning to experience sexuality and find that the world is not what they were led to believe when they were children. James Bryan states that Holden â€Å"is hypersensitive to the exploitations and insensitivity of the post-pubescent world and to the fragile innocence of children† (1065). He is forced to accept the unfairness of the adult world when Allie died, which he did not handle well by any means: â€Å"I was only thirteen, and they were going to have me psychoanalyzed and all, because I broke all the windows in the garage† (38-39). Unable to handle his emotions, he acts out in a destructive manner, which becomes a pattern for him for the rest of the book. His brother Allie for him represented inno cence and the way people should act: â€Å"He was always the nicest, in a lot of ways. He never got mad at anybody† (38). Allie’s death represented the adult

Lojack and Micrologic Alliance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Lojack and Micrologic Alliance - Assignment Example The intention of this study is the alliance between Lojack and Micrologic as an example of upstream vertical (supplier) alliance. Alliances between companies can be horizontal and vertical. Direct horizontal relations are those in which the company reaches a tactic understanding with its competitors. This understanding might be related to price or other factors. Indirect horizontal alliances are often done with industry outsiders – these alliances help both the companies in research or other factors and do not create a conflict of interest between them. Upstream vertical alliances are done with suppliers. Lojack did not produce the theft detection system. Most of the production and technological work related to the product was done by Micrologic. Thus the alliance is an example of upstream vertical alliance along with the supplier. The other type of vertical alliance is the downstream alliance which is done with buyers. The stolen vehicle recovery system (SRV) had to involve p olitical and regulatory actors such as FCC (Federal communication system as well as various law enforcement agencies. It also involved the partnership with car dealers as well as the technology provider – Motorola. Thus the alliance between Lojack and Micrologic also involved a number of other relational actors. The initial objective of the alliance between the 2 players was intended to develop the necessary base software and equipment and to obtain FCC approves technology for the SVR system. However over a period of time the two have changed strategic objectives – Micrologic now wishes to use the alliance in order to use the marketing network of Lojack. ... ever over a period of time the two have changed strategic objectives – Micrologic now wishes to use the alliance in order to use the marketing network of Lojack. This shows that the objectives of an alliance can vary over a period of time. As the strategic objectives of the firms involved changes, the nature of partnership between them also changes. (George Stonehouse, 2004) They tend to leverage sources or integrate activities with other firm which tend to maximise their value proposition. Evaluation of the Partnership Making partnership is not a very difficult phenomenon. In this age of various multinational companies there are numerous opportunities available for collaboration. However the important thing to do is to evaluate the different collaborations. Evaluation helps both the firms to consider what are the objectives of the partnership, what they have done to achieve them and how do they want to move ahead. Evaluation helps the firm to understand how they need to work in the partnership; it helps both the partners to improve management processes and procedures. They are able to analyse the objectives which had been set by the firms initially and allows for a revision in this objectives if the need arises. Effectiveness of partnerships is important at three levels – input, output and impact. Input factors involve the partners working with each other. Both partners may bring different inputs to the partnership. In the case we are analysing the input from Micrologic was technical expertise whereas the input for Lojack was distribution and marketing strength. Output is the result of the work done by the partners together. The input and output factors both combine in order to create an impact. We will use the life cycle model of evaluating the partnerships in

Ethical Perspectives in Business

Ethical Perspectives in Business There are many approaches to ethics. I will briefly outline two types of theoretical approach to ethics and their implications: principle-based approaches, and character and relationship-based approaches. Principle-based approaches to ethics: It is important to understand this concept. This approach has often been based on two different ethical traditions Kantianism and utilitarianism. Immanual Kant, was a German philosopher (1724-1804) in the eighteenth-century. He developed a theory of ethics. His theory mainly focused on the ultimate principle of respect for the individual person (Kant 1785/1964). This approach to ethics is known as deontological or duty-based. It plays a vital role in moral philosophy and also in professional ethics. Persons are considered to have rational and self-determination it means they are capable of making choices and acting upon them. For deontological ethics, the important thing isnt the result or consequence of the action, but the action itself. If the action is wrong, in and of itself, then dont do it. This approach mainly has its focus on respect of the service user and also that he can make his own decisions. The main principles in this approach are to maintain confidentiality, obtain informed consent, no discrimination or offering misleading or false information. For Kant, it would be morally wrong to perform any action which is based on false information even though the end result is beneficial. According to this approach, we must all respect individuals choices. Utilitarianism, on the contrary, is a teleological theory. It is particularly associated with two British philosophers, Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) (Mill 1863/1972). Also known as the consequentialist theory of ethics. The main difference lies in the concept and it is in striking contrast as compared to the Kantian ethics. The moral worth (rightness or wrongness) of an action is said to lie in its consequences; hence if we have to decide if an action is right or wrong, we have to weigh pros and cons and also anticipate. According to this concept, if lying leads to good results, it would probably be good to lie. This theory relies on the fact that whether something is right or wrong depends on the result or end of that action. Theories that are interested in ends are called teleological. The name has originated from the Greek word for end telos. For a teleological ethical thinker, the end justifies the means. The believers of this theory argue that the rightness of an action is judged by the end it produces. In my opinion, people consider both types of ethical principles in making decisions. We have to make a judgment that ensures that we are looking at individuals best interest or the welfare of the society at a bigger scale. Absolute and relative ethics Absolute ethics holds that there is one universal moral code which is final and applies equally to all men of all ages, and that changing situations or changing views make no difference whatsoever to this absolute moral code. Relative or relativistic ethics holds that the moral standard varies with different circumstances. There are so many cultural and religious differences and in some circumsatnces, it may be ethically correct to do certain things but in other situations it might be completely immoral. For example it is right for Muslim people to have four wives but for a Christian man this would be considered immoral. Examples of ethical issues which can affect the operational activities of a business. The advantages of ethical behaviour include: Higher revenues demand from positive consumer support. This will also lead to improved brand and business awareness and recognition. If the business in running in an ethical manner, it would also lead to better employee motivation and recruitment. And finally the business will grow because of new sources of finance. But sometimes the situation is difficult and there are some ethical issues faced. It can be difficult to decide as to what is right and what is wrong. Certain examples are: Use of child labour and forced labour: It is against the law to use children for work or to employ someone to work for you against his or her will. They might need the money but it is unethical. Even if the child or his parents agree and provide their consent, it is unethical and illegal to use child labour and do forced labour. Production in sweatshops is also unethical. Sweatshop is a factory or production place where the working environment considered to be unacceptably difficult or dangerous. Employee Working Conditions: employers must be aware of the safety of their work environment and must make sure that they pay their employees adequately. An employee should take ethics into consideration while giving a very difficult task or asking an employee to stay for long hours outside the working times. Violation of the basic rights of workers: All workers have the basic rights. Everyone is entitled to a break when they have worked continuously for long hours. Even if there is a deadline to meet or there is lot of work to be completed, we must ensure that the basic rights are provided to all the workers. Ignoring health, safety and environmental standards: Sometimes due to financial restraints the employer is not able to cater for the health and safety and it doesnt meet the required standards. There is no excuse for this type of behaviour. This would be considered unethical. Employee behavior: This can be a matter of debate. Should an employer allow his employees to read their personal emails at work? If the employee makes any complaint of harassment at work, how will the manager deal with it? These are few examples of ethical issues regarding employee behavior. Supplier/Customer Relations: must consider whether it is ethical to do business with other business workers who have unethical practices. References: Ethical Studies Second Edition, Bob Bowie, Robert Bowie, Edition 2, illustrated, Publisher Nelson Thornes, 2004 Ethical Issues in Youth Work, Professional ethics, Sarah Banks, Taylor Francis, 2010 Ethical Issues in Business: Inquiries, Cases, and Readings, Peg Tittle, Broadview Press, 2000 Current Issues in Business Ethics, Peter W. F. Davies, Routledge, 1997 Task 2 Learning Outcome 2 (750 Words) What is an objective? Explain how the objectives of a business can be affected by ethical considerations An objective can be described as particular future state of things to be achieved by the business. This could be described as a desired destination or result. In business, it is usually expressed in terms of profit. There can be business or long term objectives and functional or short term objectives. Market standing, productivity, innovation, financial resources, profitability, manager or other workers performance and also public and social responsibility will be the business or long term objectives. While profit, customer orientation, survival and growth, increase in the sales, increase in the market share and efficiency are all functional or short term objectives. How far the company or a business will go to achieve these objectives varies from one business to the other. There are so many legal and ethical issues to be aware of. For example, the company wants to grow and make more profits. They have found a defect in the product they are selling but people are buying it and have had no complaints so far. It is against the moral and ethics to keep selling that product. Another example can be if a business is providing expert help like consultation to the public. If the person is not adequately trained and not authorised to provide that help, this is also unethical. This may be bringing in the desired profits and also the company is booming with clients. But is the employers responsibility to understand that this conduct is against the ethics. Examples of a range of business stakeholders and how to promote ethical behavior in respect of these stakeholders. Stakeholder groups vary both in terms of their interest in the business activities and also their power to influence business decisions. Shareholders are important as their interests would be profit growth, share price growth, dividends. They have the power to elect the directors. It might be a practice to keep them happy with materialistic gifts and rewards but it is unethical and a good business should be staying away from such practices. Banks other lenders are important as stakeholders. They help the business by providing the money. We have to take into account the ethical consideration while dealing with the banks and other lenders. There job is to see thet interest and principal to be repaid, maintain credit rating. They can enforce loan covenants and withdraw banking facilities. Directors and managers as stakeholders have important role to play. They deal with salary, share options and job satisfaction. They also make decisions, have detailed information about the company. Employees are a big part of the group as stakeholders. To promote ethical behaviour, salaries wages, job security, job satisfaction motivation should be appropriate. If it is ethical, the result would be good turnover, industrial action and better service quality. Suppliers would be interested in long term contracts, prompt payment, and growth of purchasing. We should take ethics into consideration while deciding pricing, quality, product availability Customers play indispensable part as stakeholders. They will always expect reliable quality, value for money, product availability and customer service. This is when ethics come into play. Many businesses will go to any limit to please their customers because they will generate revenue. If the customers are happy, they will spread word of mouth recommendation. Community is also important as a stakeholder. Business people must ensure that the business is safe and is in accordance with health and safety rules and regulations. It is unethical to run a business which does not comply with these rules. Environment has to be safe. A business should generate local jobs which will help to provide employment to the people in the area. Government is also a stakeholder as the higher authorities will make the laws and these must be followed at all times by the business people. For establishing an ethical standard for business it is important that we have more than just a written policy. So that we can ensure that ethical standard is being met, we must comply with adherence to and enforcement of that standard by everyone. That includes who have written the policies and who run the business. More than long written documents and policies handed out to every single employee, our behavior, practices, and deeds are the foundation for creating an ethical standard. References: Marketing Plans: How to Prepare Them, How to Use Them, Malcolm McDonald, Hugh Wilson, John Wiley Sons, 2011 Introduction to Travel and Tourism Marketing, J. Alf Bennett, J.W. Strydom, J.A. Bennett, Juta and Company Ltd, 2001 Give examples of a range of business stakeholders. What can businesses do to promote ethical behavior in respect of these stakeholders? Tack 3 Learning Outcome 3 (750 Words) A moral agent and is it true to say that a business is a moral agent? A moral agent is a being that is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong. We can also describe moral agent as anything that can be held responsible for behavior or decisions. Moral agents have rights and responsibilities. If we do not believe that anything or anyone should ever be blamed or has the responsibility, then we are going against the concept of moral agency, and not accepting the concept of responsibilities and rights. A moral agent must be a living creature, as they must be able to understand the basic moral principles and use them to make decisions. They must have self-consciousness, ability to memorize, moral principles, values and the ability for reasoning and making judgments. In my opinion, increasingly, businesses are being seen not just as profit making entities but also as moral agents. They are accountable for their conduct to the employees, customers, investors and suppliers. Companies are chartered as citizens of the state or the nation so they have the same responsibilities and rights as individuals. Society holds the companies accountable for the behavior of their employees. When certain business advertises about them, they refer to benefits, compensation or competitive practices; they earn a reputation as a moral agent. Companies are required to obey rules and regulations that define acceptable business conduct. Though obviously not a person, a business can be considered as a societal moral agent. If a business is not run ethically, it could face huge penalties or fines from the regulatory bodies. Businesses to get their employees involved and empowered in relation to the ethical performance of the business. Businesses should endeavor to get their employees involved, especially in relation to the ethical performance of the business. Employee involvement and participation are aimed at raising employees performance and commitment. There should be nice policies outlined for each business and all the employees should be well aware of those policies and guidelines. Each individual in the company should have clear understanding of their roles and therefore be able to work ethically. There should be frequent meetings and discussions between the employer and the employees. Any issues which are unclear or employees are in doubt about their role in ethical consideration; they should be able to get help at all times. Full training should be provided to people so that their role in the business is clear and they know what defines their job roles. In order for the business to perform well and maintains high ethical standards, employees should be fully involved. This task should not be limited to one or few individuals but it necessitates teamwork. Each employee should be the part of the team which is working towards the common goal of a profitable business but not at the cost of ethics. Recent business scandals have drawn public attention toward the ethics of businesses. Although researchers have shown a small correlation between the ethical activities and firm financial performance, its not clear how the process works. When individuals see their company is maintaining higher ethical standards, they become more committed to the company. This commitment in turns starts organizational citizenship behaviors toward other employees, and these behaviors in turn gradually lead to better financial performance. The level of an individuals involvement with his or her employer is the strongest mechanism by which business ethics leads to financial rewards. When a company produces and adheres to strong ethical guidelines, this offers employees a clear idea of whats expected of them on the job. Less job ambiguity leads to greater productivity. Employees should help each other. Employees going above and beyond their job descriptions to help each other, such as helping others who are behind on their work-is one of the main process that will lead to good productivity. This type of behaviour proves beneficial as it means key activities get done, regardless of whos doing them. We must use a code of ethics and guidelines in accordance with legal and professional standards in addition to human resource practices such as ethics training. Employer should always be patient and calm. They must realise that some of the new employees will take some time to get adjusted to the new environment. After full training, they will all be working towards the common goal of financial success. So it is vital that employees get involved and empowered in relation to the ethical performance of the business. References: Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making Cases, O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich, Ferrell, Cengage Learning, 2012 Ethical Issues in Contemporary Human Resource Management, Diana Winstanley, Jean Woodall, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000 Task 4 Learning Outcome 4 (1250words) Choose an ethical issue which currently affects business of your choice. Do some research on this and explain it. How do you think the business you have chosen could improve the ethics of its operations whilst meeting objectives and ensuring good employer/employee relationships? The business I have chosen is a private learning centre or an academy. This academy offers many vocational courses to different students. The centre is not working ethically. They get to know the question papers well in advance and they offer help to the students during their final exams. Students are not complaining because they are getting excellent results because of the help being provided. One other main cause for ethical consideration is that the teachers are not fully qualified to be able to deliver the courses. Business is running successfully and also making lot of money. It is easy to attract lots of students who want to pass their exam in an easy manner without any hard work involved. Under qualified teachers are charging less money to the employer so in this situation, the employer, employee and the service users are all happy. But let us discuss this by taking ethics into consideration. For example a student has done first aid course and now he is the proud owner of a certificate too. But the main question is that will be able to handle the situation in case of an emergency. To improve the ethics of its operations and also ensure that the centre is meeting objectives and ensuring good employer/employee relationship, a lot needs to be done at the centre. Employer must realise that this is unethical. Exams should be held in strict conditions and no help should be offered to the students at all. It is unethical and against the law. If any inspection agency knows about it the whole business could face serious charges and risk closure. Then the students future would also suffer. This business could improve a lot by considering each aspect of their business ethically. Offering help to the students and employing under qualified teachers is against the law. This will not lead to brighter students. And this private company is not doing any good. These serious issues need to be considered and thought over and strict action needs to be taken against this company. Teachers should be fully qualified and suitably trained. The exams should be held in a transparent manner with no help provided. Practice classes should be offered to the students, if needed. If the students can afford, they should be offered help with their syllabus and practice sessions. What is a code of ethics? Design a suitable ethical code for an organization of your choice. A business should recognize its obligation to set and uphold the highest standards of professionalism, and to promote ethical behaviour, attitudes and judgments. Code of ethics should focus on multiple relationships where the employer owes an allegiance to different stakeholders; Personal relationships should be adequately emphasized in code of ethics- where the employer infringes or violates the trust of a client or clients; Code of ethics should clearly mention unclear or inadequate standards of practice where the the emplyer is unaware of or disregards the current systems in use by peers or others in similar work. Breaches of confidentiality should definitely be elaborated where rules and constraints were broken or not clarified in advance with stakeholders; Competence where excessive or misleading claims are made or where inadequate safeguards and monitoring exist for new areas of work; these must form an essential part of the code of ethics. I have designed a suitable code of ethics for a company called ABC Learning Academy. It is a private institute which provides vocational courses to the students. Mostly adult learners and the staff constitute of director, board members, managers, teachers, administrators, cleaners and helpers. This code of ethics would guide the staff members in times of difficulty and lays a strong foundation of ethics which need to be considered while making any decisions at workplace. Conduct Personal behaviour it is expected that all staff members will: Act ethically and integrity, in the best interests of ABC Learning Academy at all times; Take individual responsibility to contribute actively to maintain adequate teaching and administrative standards. Honesty is the best policy at all times, Position should not be used inappropriately to influence or discriminate amongst the employees. Must comply with at least 75% attendance; In case of any doubt, always ask for help from your colleagues or senior members of the staff, Take decisions fairly and promptly, considering all available information, legislation, policies and procedures, be impartial at all times; Treat colleagues with respect, courtesy, honesty and fairness; Not to discriminate against colleagues, members of the public and/or employees; not to harass or bully anyone. These matters would be dealt seriously; have proper regard for colleagues interests, rights, safety and welfare, professional workplace relationships to maintain harmonious, safe and productive environment; Conflicts of interest it is expected that staff members will: Not disclose any personal or business interests at ABC Learning Academy; Ensure personal or financial interests do not affect their ability to take ethical decisions at work, Not allow personal or financial interests, or the interests of any associated person, to conflict with the interests of ABC Learning Academy. Manage and declare any conflict between their personal and public duty; and Where conflicts of interest do arise, public interest should be the priority. Communication and official information it is expected that staff members will: Communicate amongst them so that there are no gaps in information available about students and their data. Not disclose official information or documents like students records, assignments, individual learning plans, other than as required by law or where agreed by decision of the board; Not make any unauthorised public statements regarding the business of ABC Learning Academy; Support, adhere to and not contradict the formal decisions of the final decisions made by ABC Learning Academy. Respect the confidentiality and privacy of all information of students and staff. Use of public resources it is expected that board members will: Act in a financially responsible manner, use judgment to analyse financial reports, audit reports and other financial material that comes before the ABC Learning Academy; and Ensure the efficient use of publicly-funded resources, including office facilities and equipment, vehicles, transport, ABC Learning Academy credit cards. In addition, staff members must commit to: Understand their responsibility to report any happenings of misconduct which they may be suspicious of or aware of, Taking responsibility for contributing in a constructive, respectful and enthusiastic way to enhance good management and the reputation of the board of ABC Learning Academy. Research issues including fake data, inability to obtain consent, or not acknowledging somebodys piece of work. Health problems should be reported adequately because they can have significant impact on the work efficiency.