Managers Dont Have All the Answers

“Managers Don’t Have All the Answers” Managers are expected to be well-informed, well-organized and ready to answer all the questions! But is it really like that in reality? They are all just people after all, with all the virtues and flaws each of us have. So, do managers really have to have all the answers?Have you ever heard of the term “the iceberg of ignorance”? Let’s start with the premise that front-line supervisors should know how to fix all the front-line problems. Should they, actually?Regardless of the number of people in a team, you have a few levels of workers there. And those who are in the lower positions are the ones who are majorly aware of those front-line problems.That’s natural because they are in the busiest level of a job. As one gets promoted, new duties come, which decreases the knowledge on these problems on daily basis. To put it shortly, the higher the position, the less is the knowledge on front-line problems.With that having said, how can anyone expect that managers have all the answe rs? It takes a lot for any team to be successful and work well, and in this article, we shall reveal all there is about being a manager. You will see why managers actually don’t need to know all the answers.Besides that, you will see why some managers still tend to have all the answers and how good that is. Moreover, you will find out what to do when a quick solution is needed and what does it take to become a successful manager.WHY MANAGERS NEEDN’T KNOW ALL THE ANSWERS?As a manager, one is expected to be capable of dealing with all the problems. However, there are some problems which are trickier and the solution is not so clear. Do managers need to solve it despite that? Yes, but by using a wider approach rather than trying to act alone.Whereas back then admitting that you don’t know something was shameful and unacceptable, nowadays things are way different. Here’s why:By admitting that he/she doesn’t have all the answers a manager shows that after all he/she is only a h uman being and equal among others.Not knowing all the answers gives lots of chances for a manager to learn more, dig deeper and expand and upgrade his/her knowledge.When a manager doesn’t have an answer that can be an opportunity for other team members to come up with some ideas and solutions.So, at this point, you may wonder what is the right amount of knowledge a manager should have. The answer is- enough! Enough to put him/her in a position to make some important decisions but still leaving space for new ideas and bits of knowledge to come.The purpose of a team working and team building is in learning from each other. Yes, there are different positions in teams, low and high, more and less responsible, but a team is a machinery which works well only if all parts are in it. Even without the smallest one, the machinery wouldn’t work properly.That’s why it is very important that team members constantly work together. They should improve and learn from each other. A manager sho uld serve as a coordinator who will, acting this way, give a positive example of a good team behavior.WHAT IF A MANAGER HAS ALL THE ANSWERS?The simplest answer to this would be- the manager is in the wrong way! Having all the answers doesn’t make you the smartest person in your team. Quite the opposite. A manager who thinks he/she has all the answers is actually a person who doesn’t listen to the other team members. When one acts that way, this is what he/she is saying to team members:I’m smarter than all of you.I don’t need your help.Just put your heads down and listen to me, do what I tell you without question.Regardless of your knowledge and expertise, I’m the one whose opinion and decisions are the most important.Yeah, you will agree that these sentences sound terrible, but that’s the truth. These are just some of the messages a manager with all the answers is sending to his/her colleagues. Such behavior is quite the opposite of how should a team look like. By acting this way, a manager alienates and disengages from the team, and that leads to disaster.Some managers believe that this exclusion from the rest of the team by sending others message that you have all the answers will make people think that he/she is a smart and powerful manager. But, luckily, that kind of a manager rarely remains in a position of a leader.That kind of behavior is often just a shield of protection. Its a mask behind which one actually tries to hide the feeling of insecurity. In reality, a good manager is the one that cooperates with team members.Just to make one thing clear. There are situations where instant answers are needed and a manager somehow tends to be the first figure other team members consult.Some  situations  require prompt and efficient answer which will solve the issue as soon as possible, without numerous meetings or some wide discussion. Such situations are not the same to what we previously described.Managers will provide quick answers on occasions where they are necessary for solving the problem as fastest as possible. However, looking in some general way, managers should listen to team members. A team is all about cooperating, exchanging thoughts and experiences, growing the big idea by contributing from multiple sides.Furthermore, we shall also discuss these situations where a manager has to think of a solution as soon as possible. Moreover, we shall describe what does it take to be a successful manager. WHAT TO DO WHEN A MANAGER NEEDS TO GIVE AN INSTANT ANSWER?As we mentioned, there are some situations where the quick solution is necessary. If team members cannot solve it, the final word will come from a manager. But if even a manager is not sure what is the right thing to do, but something still has to be done- what to do?Some managers will admit, which will definitely increase their credibility among colleagues. That will motivate others to suggest some solutions. Like we said, admitting that you don’t have an answer w ill open lots of possibilities both for you and other team members.Still, whether one admits or not, the problem has to be solved. Making that very first step in such situations is usually very hard. But as soon as one does it, things will start moving in a positive direction. Here’s what managers usually do when this is the case.1. Define the challenge preciselyMeet your enemy- that’s what this is! Say it out loud! Of course, don’t go through the company literally yelling that you don’t have an answer, but pronounce the sentence so that you can hear it for the beginning.Even if a manager hasn’t got an instant answer, he/she should be able to ask better questions! The right questions will significantly speed up the whole process of problem-solving.A manager should have a deeper understanding of a problem but trying to figure out what he/she knows about it and what not. This will significantly help by at least defining things into two categories- what is familiar and what i s not.2. Use other people’s experience and expertiseUnless it’s a business which is something never seen before, the odds are that someone was in the similar or same situation.Besides experience and expertise, a person which might be of help in this situation has to be someone who has a good understanding of it and the ability to explain things precisely and quickly. Beware of faux experts which may make the problem even worse.Look for opinions from those who are willing to share their experience for the sake of helping and sharing their knowledge.3. Ask the right questionsThis goes way beyond- what am I gonna do now? Ask as many “wh-” and any other questions as possible. The deeper you dig into the core of a problem, the better are the chances that you will come up with something.Who can help? Why did the problem occur? When did it start? Where to look for solutions? Start from the simplest and proceed to the more complicated ones. Sooner than you realize you will be just a step away from having the final answer.4. Take a chance and do somethingIf a manager has some rough idea what might be of help but is not sure whether that will bring positive results, what to do? Give it a try! Even if this is not the most perfect solution, still it will give you the next directions for solving the issue.Of course, don’t risk just for the sake of it or when you can make more damage than good. Feel free to take some step and the next one will be easier because the directions will be at least a bit clearer than the step before.As we said, it’s mostly up to managers to give the final decision, and these tips can be of help. Routine and self-confidence usually come with time, and new managers are always in more challenging situations than those who are already in this position for quite some time.But, when one is ready to learn, he/she is on a good way to become a quality manager. This rule goes both for newbies and experienced managers. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL MANAGER?New managers usually deal with more challenges. Getting promoted gives one lot of mixed feelings. It is flattering to know that you are in the position to lead the team and be in charge of some big decisions. But there’s also the pressure one feels, that all the answers have to be ready from day one.A newbie shouldn’t despair, as he/she is not alone in this. It’s quite a natural feeling. One has to learn how to mask the feeling of not being ready to cope with all the upcoming situations, to pretend that he/she has all the answers even if that’s not the case.New managers struggle with feelings of incompetence even if they are highly experienced and full of knowledge. Here are some helpful bits of advice on how one can deal with all the sets of expectations.1. Know your knowledgeFor the beginning, you should be aware of what you know and what you don’t know. That will help you realize what are the situations where you can give quick solutions and what are the ones w here you will have to learn. You don’t have to be instantly capable of solving anything and everything from day one no human being is.After all, if someone decided to promote you to this position, that certainly means you have some valuable skills and bits of knowledge, as well as the good predisposition to deal with issues. That’s should be a motivational starting point for you.2. Let your freshness be your advantageBeing new in some field brings many new possibilities, both to you and your team. Sometimes a slight pressure can trigger innovative solutions and answers. Imagine how the pioneers in some industries felt like. If they didn’t dare to try, we would never have some amazing and intriguing discoveries. Lots of positive things happened because people decided to think outside the box. Don’t be afraid of some unusual solutions.3. Keep on askingGive your team an example that constant inquiry is a positive quality. That way both you as a new manager and your team members will feel more confident when the problem comes. Moreover, the feeling of being exposed when the answer is not instantly visible will not be so intense.By asking questions you encourage team members to come to you with ideas, to exchange them, and that way you create a positive atmosphere between all of you. After all, a team is about exchanging knowledge and experience.4. Make space for other membersEach team consists of people of different levels of knowledge and experience, which means that some of them have better chances over the others to come up with a solution. And when we say others, a manager also belongs to the group.By giving other an opportunity to express themselves a manager creates a healthy working atmosphere where members treat each other with respect. By acting that way, a manager earns more respect from the colleagues.Just go back to the days where you were one of the team members striving to express his/her opinion to the manager. And the happiness that comes w hen a manager used your opinion to fix the issue. Continue that behavior even when you are a manager because that way you encourage people to express their thoughts and ideas.5. “I don’t know” mottoRepeat this sentence every day, because you will be more and more motivated to look for answers and solutions. Of course, don’t go bragging about not knowing anything, as it can be counterproductive. Just admit that even you as a manager are not obliged to know everything at once, that you have to learn more and upgrade yourself. By sharing this very personal feeling with team members, you also show them that you respect and trust them. And when a team knows that, your relationship will become stronger, which will result in more productiveness and success in the future.As you can see being a good manager is actually a set of feelings and behaviors which should be repeated every day. That “day one” is never easy, but the sooner one realizes that it’s all about learning and ac quiring new tricks and tips, the sooner one will become a successful manager.But even the experienced managers should follow these rules, as they can also be in a situation where they don’t know something. Including yourself in a team, rather than excluding is what managers should do, when looking for answers and solutions.FINAL THOUGHT ON MANAGERS AND ANSWERSRegardless of being an experienced manager or a newbie in the field, or not a manager at all, we do hope that our article was motivating and encouraging for you. After learning why managers don’t have to have all the answers at once and why is actually bad to have them all, you became aware of the difference between a good and a bad manager.Above all, we mostly hope that now you realize the true power of “I don’t know”. Now that you know that not knowing is not a bad thing, you can approach things differently. And, again, that’s something that can be applied in all situations in life. This sentence should motivate p eople to upgrade and improve themselves, to strive for more.Now that you have all this tips and tricks, try applying them throughout all fields of your life. As the days go by, you will notice numerous positive changes. Life is all about learning and upgrading each and every second, and it doesn’t take much to be in the right way.

Managers Dont Have All the Answers

“Managers Don’t Have All the Answers” Managers are expected to be well-informed, well-organized and ready to answer all the questions! But is it really like that in reality? They are all just people after all, with all the virtues and flaws each of us have. So, do managers really have to have all the answers?Have you ever heard of the term “the iceberg of ignorance”? Let’s start with the premise that front-line supervisors should know how to fix all the front-line problems. Should they, actually?Regardless of the number of people in a team, you have a few levels of workers there. And those who are in the lower positions are the ones who are majorly aware of those front-line problems.That’s natural because they are in the busiest level of a job. As one gets promoted, new duties come, which decreases the knowledge on these problems on daily basis. To put it shortly, the higher the position, the less is the knowledge on front-line problems.With that having said, how can anyone expect that managers have all the answe rs? It takes a lot for any team to be successful and work well, and in this article, we shall reveal all there is about being a manager. You will see why managers actually don’t need to know all the answers.Besides that, you will see why some managers still tend to have all the answers and how good that is. Moreover, you will find out what to do when a quick solution is needed and what does it take to become a successful manager.WHY MANAGERS NEEDN’T KNOW ALL THE ANSWERS?As a manager, one is expected to be capable of dealing with all the problems. However, there are some problems which are trickier and the solution is not so clear. Do managers need to solve it despite that? Yes, but by using a wider approach rather than trying to act alone.Whereas back then admitting that you don’t know something was shameful and unacceptable, nowadays things are way different. Here’s why:By admitting that he/she doesn’t have all the answers a manager shows that after all he/she is only a h uman being and equal among others.Not knowing all the answers gives lots of chances for a manager to learn more, dig deeper and expand and upgrade his/her knowledge.When a manager doesn’t have an answer that can be an opportunity for other team members to come up with some ideas and solutions.So, at this point, you may wonder what is the right amount of knowledge a manager should have. The answer is- enough! Enough to put him/her in a position to make some important decisions but still leaving space for new ideas and bits of knowledge to come.The purpose of a team working and team building is in learning from each other. Yes, there are different positions in teams, low and high, more and less responsible, but a team is a machinery which works well only if all parts are in it. Even without the smallest one, the machinery wouldn’t work properly.That’s why it is very important that team members constantly work together. They should improve and learn from each other. A manager sho uld serve as a coordinator who will, acting this way, give a positive example of a good team behavior.WHAT IF A MANAGER HAS ALL THE ANSWERS?The simplest answer to this would be- the manager is in the wrong way! Having all the answers doesn’t make you the smartest person in your team. Quite the opposite. A manager who thinks he/she has all the answers is actually a person who doesn’t listen to the other team members. When one acts that way, this is what he/she is saying to team members:I’m smarter than all of you.I don’t need your help.Just put your heads down and listen to me, do what I tell you without question.Regardless of your knowledge and expertise, I’m the one whose opinion and decisions are the most important.Yeah, you will agree that these sentences sound terrible, but that’s the truth. These are just some of the messages a manager with all the answers is sending to his/her colleagues. Such behavior is quite the opposite of how should a team look like. By acting this way, a manager alienates and disengages from the team, and that leads to disaster.Some managers believe that this exclusion from the rest of the team by sending others message that you have all the answers will make people think that he/she is a smart and powerful manager. But, luckily, that kind of a manager rarely remains in a position of a leader.That kind of behavior is often just a shield of protection. Its a mask behind which one actually tries to hide the feeling of insecurity. In reality, a good manager is the one that cooperates with team members.Just to make one thing clear. There are situations where instant answers are needed and a manager somehow tends to be the first figure other team members consult.Some  situations  require prompt and efficient answer which will solve the issue as soon as possible, without numerous meetings or some wide discussion. Such situations are not the same to what we previously described.Managers will provide quick answers on occasions where they are necessary for solving the problem as fastest as possible. However, looking in some general way, managers should listen to team members. A team is all about cooperating, exchanging thoughts and experiences, growing the big idea by contributing from multiple sides.Furthermore, we shall also discuss these situations where a manager has to think of a solution as soon as possible. Moreover, we shall describe what does it take to be a successful manager. WHAT TO DO WHEN A MANAGER NEEDS TO GIVE AN INSTANT ANSWER?As we mentioned, there are some situations where the quick solution is necessary. If team members cannot solve it, the final word will come from a manager. But if even a manager is not sure what is the right thing to do, but something still has to be done- what to do?Some managers will admit, which will definitely increase their credibility among colleagues. That will motivate others to suggest some solutions. Like we said, admitting that you don’t have an answer w ill open lots of possibilities both for you and other team members.Still, whether one admits or not, the problem has to be solved. Making that very first step in such situations is usually very hard. But as soon as one does it, things will start moving in a positive direction. Here’s what managers usually do when this is the case.1. Define the challenge preciselyMeet your enemy- that’s what this is! Say it out loud! Of course, don’t go through the company literally yelling that you don’t have an answer, but pronounce the sentence so that you can hear it for the beginning.Even if a manager hasn’t got an instant answer, he/she should be able to ask better questions! The right questions will significantly speed up the whole process of problem-solving.A manager should have a deeper understanding of a problem but trying to figure out what he/she knows about it and what not. This will significantly help by at least defining things into two categories- what is familiar and what i s not.2. Use other people’s experience and expertiseUnless it’s a business which is something never seen before, the odds are that someone was in the similar or same situation.Besides experience and expertise, a person which might be of help in this situation has to be someone who has a good understanding of it and the ability to explain things precisely and quickly. Beware of faux experts which may make the problem even worse.Look for opinions from those who are willing to share their experience for the sake of helping and sharing their knowledge.3. Ask the right questionsThis goes way beyond- what am I gonna do now? Ask as many “wh-” and any other questions as possible. The deeper you dig into the core of a problem, the better are the chances that you will come up with something.Who can help? Why did the problem occur? When did it start? Where to look for solutions? Start from the simplest and proceed to the more complicated ones. Sooner than you realize you will be just a step away from having the final answer.4. Take a chance and do somethingIf a manager has some rough idea what might be of help but is not sure whether that will bring positive results, what to do? Give it a try! Even if this is not the most perfect solution, still it will give you the next directions for solving the issue.Of course, don’t risk just for the sake of it or when you can make more damage than good. Feel free to take some step and the next one will be easier because the directions will be at least a bit clearer than the step before.As we said, it’s mostly up to managers to give the final decision, and these tips can be of help. Routine and self-confidence usually come with time, and new managers are always in more challenging situations than those who are already in this position for quite some time.But, when one is ready to learn, he/she is on a good way to become a quality manager. This rule goes both for newbies and experienced managers. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL MANAGER?New managers usually deal with more challenges. Getting promoted gives one lot of mixed feelings. It is flattering to know that you are in the position to lead the team and be in charge of some big decisions. But there’s also the pressure one feels, that all the answers have to be ready from day one.A newbie shouldn’t despair, as he/she is not alone in this. It’s quite a natural feeling. One has to learn how to mask the feeling of not being ready to cope with all the upcoming situations, to pretend that he/she has all the answers even if that’s not the case.New managers struggle with feelings of incompetence even if they are highly experienced and full of knowledge. Here are some helpful bits of advice on how one can deal with all the sets of expectations.1. Know your knowledgeFor the beginning, you should be aware of what you know and what you don’t know. That will help you realize what are the situations where you can give quick solutions and what are the ones w here you will have to learn. You don’t have to be instantly capable of solving anything and everything from day one no human being is.After all, if someone decided to promote you to this position, that certainly means you have some valuable skills and bits of knowledge, as well as the good predisposition to deal with issues. That’s should be a motivational starting point for you.2. Let your freshness be your advantageBeing new in some field brings many new possibilities, both to you and your team. Sometimes a slight pressure can trigger innovative solutions and answers. Imagine how the pioneers in some industries felt like. If they didn’t dare to try, we would never have some amazing and intriguing discoveries. Lots of positive things happened because people decided to think outside the box. Don’t be afraid of some unusual solutions.3. Keep on askingGive your team an example that constant inquiry is a positive quality. That way both you as a new manager and your team members will feel more confident when the problem comes. Moreover, the feeling of being exposed when the answer is not instantly visible will not be so intense.By asking questions you encourage team members to come to you with ideas, to exchange them, and that way you create a positive atmosphere between all of you. After all, a team is about exchanging knowledge and experience.4. Make space for other membersEach team consists of people of different levels of knowledge and experience, which means that some of them have better chances over the others to come up with a solution. And when we say others, a manager also belongs to the group.By giving other an opportunity to express themselves a manager creates a healthy working atmosphere where members treat each other with respect. By acting that way, a manager earns more respect from the colleagues.Just go back to the days where you were one of the team members striving to express his/her opinion to the manager. And the happiness that comes w hen a manager used your opinion to fix the issue. Continue that behavior even when you are a manager because that way you encourage people to express their thoughts and ideas.5. “I don’t know” mottoRepeat this sentence every day, because you will be more and more motivated to look for answers and solutions. Of course, don’t go bragging about not knowing anything, as it can be counterproductive. Just admit that even you as a manager are not obliged to know everything at once, that you have to learn more and upgrade yourself. By sharing this very personal feeling with team members, you also show them that you respect and trust them. And when a team knows that, your relationship will become stronger, which will result in more productiveness and success in the future.As you can see being a good manager is actually a set of feelings and behaviors which should be repeated every day. That “day one” is never easy, but the sooner one realizes that it’s all about learning and ac quiring new tricks and tips, the sooner one will become a successful manager.But even the experienced managers should follow these rules, as they can also be in a situation where they don’t know something. Including yourself in a team, rather than excluding is what managers should do, when looking for answers and solutions.FINAL THOUGHT ON MANAGERS AND ANSWERSRegardless of being an experienced manager or a newbie in the field, or not a manager at all, we do hope that our article was motivating and encouraging for you. After learning why managers don’t have to have all the answers at once and why is actually bad to have them all, you became aware of the difference between a good and a bad manager.Above all, we mostly hope that now you realize the true power of “I don’t know”. Now that you know that not knowing is not a bad thing, you can approach things differently. And, again, that’s something that can be applied in all situations in life. This sentence should motivate p eople to upgrade and improve themselves, to strive for more.Now that you have all this tips and tricks, try applying them throughout all fields of your life. As the days go by, you will notice numerous positive changes. Life is all about learning and upgrading each and every second, and it doesn’t take much to be in the right way.

Computer Science That Has Evolved From Pattern Recognition...

‘Machine Learning is a sub discipline of Computer Science that has evolved from Pattern Recognition and Computational Learning Theory.’ ML is akin to Data Mining in the sense that both approaches look for patterns in the data set and while the former trains the program to better its understanding, the latter focuses on extraction of data for human comprehension. A typical application employing ML would involve the design and construction of an algorithm where the program is trained through huge samples of historical data to create a model. This model is later utilized on real time data sets to predict what happens next. While Machine Learning itself has been around for decades, it has found itself into reckoning with the advent of Big†¦show more content†¦Amazon Web Services S3 or Microsoft’s Azure are few amongst the various cloud services currently available that allow users to store massive amounts data at unbelievably low costs. With massive data at disposal comes the huge potential to analyze this data to draw inferences or predict future events. But why exactly is Machine Learning moving to the cloud? A compelling reason to move to the cloud would be the varying computational requirements in the ML lifecycle. The process of training/ retraining your model requires enormous computation power and resources, while the process of utilizing your trained models does not require any resources. The varying workload of the ML lifecycle makes it an ideal candidate for the cloud. Cloud Computing is a powerful technology that allows complex computations on massive scale data by eliminating the need to maintain dedicated storage space or maintain expensive hardware. Also it follows intuitively to train your models in the cloud where the data is stored. Prior to the advent of cloud based ML platforms, the only way to do advanced analytics was to purchase packages such as SAS or IBM’s SPSS or resort to tools like R. The cloud based platforms make Machine Learning more accessible to a large group of users who intend to deploy predictive models in order to enhance their products or services. Cloud based Machine Learning Services:

Macroeconomics And Economics As A Whole Essay - 2290 Words

Matthew Jones Professor Ahmad Macroeconomics 11/29/16 Throughout the semester many concepts of macroeconomics and economics as a whole have been discussed thoroughly. Macroeconomics is defined as the study of the economy as a whole. The study of macroeconomics consists of many economic indicators. These economic indicators allow analysis of economic performance, predictions of future performance, and will indicate the overall health of the nation. Economists want to be able to forecast the direction the economy will take in the near future and they rely on different economic indicators. They have never agreed on a single economic indicator to predict the future. Some indicators are better than others, but none is consistently accurate; all give a false signal on occasion. The six economic indicators that will be focused on are Gross Domestic Product, Unemployment, Consumer Price Index, Retail Sales, Consumer Confidence, and Durable Goods. The economic indicators help see where the economy is in terms of the business cycle, which shows the rising and falling of economic conditions over time. The first economic indicator is Gross Domestic Product, commonly referred to as GDP. GDP is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a period of time, typically one year. The definition of GDP may seem very straightforward, but there are many subtleties. One key idea about this definition is that GDP only involves final goods andShow MoreRelatedFinance Is Based On Economics841 Words   |  4 PagesFinance is based on economics. Therefore, to properly understand financial markets and their behavior, you must first understand economics. Economics is the concern of production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. It is the science that arises out of the relationship between limited resources and unlimited wants and needs by humans. 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The key objective of the study is to investigate the impact and the relationship of six selected macroeconomic variables namely, Consumer Price Index(CPI), Gross Domestic Product(GDP)Read More Running The British Economy Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pages============ A study of economics in terms of whole systems especially with reference to general levels of output and income and to the interrelations among sectors of the economy is called macroeconomics. Macroeconomics is concerned with the behavior of the economy as a whole—with booms and recessions, the economy’s total output of goods and services and the growth of output, the rates of inflation and unemployment, the balance of payments, and exchange rates. Macroeconomics deals with the increase

The Colonialism Effect Of Africa - 1002 Words

The Colonialism Effect of Africa As the world races for its place in history, many continents excel on their mark on the map. It is because Africa was in the right place, but in a different time they were taken advantage of their glory. Although it is difficult for Africa to retrace and reclaim its memoirs, it has an origin that had existed before colonialism. The attempt of challenging modern history has desperately provided an economical realm that extracts and injects into Africa resources. Due to various cultural differences from external forces Africa has prevailed. Uniquely enough, the major problems seeded from colonialism had gradually disrupted the progression of billions of Africans living in various societies. As functional as†¦show more content†¦Even though African societies existed in a peaceful and prosperous state before colonialism the slow interactions than in turn intersected regional and cultural diversity. In a few cases, indigenous communities had in fact been better off before colonia lism. It is important to understand the issues that are represented in African history because of the effects it has globally. The power surge of colonialism changed the lives of billions who were affected by its brute force. Even so the perception of Africa is an indigenous society, even till this day it has casted a shadow on its realities. Within the transition of European settlements in the early nineteenth century, Europeans wanted to change African societies because of its unusual methods. In this case, Europeans, found African norms unusual and ineffective when actually Africans had thrived in a social order. Furthermore, African societies had proved as a type of utopia of their own ‘Checks Balances’ in which benefited everyone. In some cases, the form of currency had rendered useless until capital investment were placed on Africa’s resources, including young men used for the transatlantic slave trade and the discovery of oil. As the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1919, it had created a power vacuum leaving Africa opened for grabs. Territories had than became inherited by the control of Europeans.Show MoreRelatedAfrican Colonialism And Its Effects On Africa1669 Words   |  7 Pagesinto, this happened to many places including Africa. Colonialism was a time when countries took control of another land, which they then governed through direct or indirect rule depending on the country. During this time, Africa was most sought after due to its resources and its uninhabited land. Due to this, all colonial powers scrambled to get their hands on a piece of Africa in order to expand their areas of rule. As a result of the scramble for Africa the Berlin Conference was held. At this conferenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Colonialism And Western Powers On Africa890 Words   |  4 PagesAfrica has a complex history that has contributed to its current state, that to some seems hopeless and for others an opportunity for rebuilding and renewal in the continent. With the influences of colonialism and western powers the complete system of African cultures have been restructured and globalized. This has had negative and positive effects on the people of Africa, its economy and government. After colonialism, relationships between states have still remained and Western powers are a dominateRead MoreThe Long Lasting Effects Of Colonialism On Africa1666 Words   |  7 Pageslasting effects Africa endured due to imperialism. The illustration shows the countries that were involved in colonizing Africa and what they contributed to how the continent is prospering currently. Also, the cartoon shows how severely the presence of imperialism affected Africa. For instance, when countries exploited Africa during 1880-1913, the people who inhabited the land experienced poverty and starvation due to countries claiming and controlling their land. During the scramble of Africa, countriesRead MoreImapct of Colonialism on Africa889 Words   |  4 PagesIMPACT OF COLONIALISM ON AFRICA In this view of the circumstances that existed during history in regards to colonial Africa. I venture to examine how colonialism is viewed, introducing you to a variety of texts which expose you to different views and debates about what Africa may well have been like today, had the colonization never taken place. The African resistance to colonialism put another perspective on the colonization of Africa by the Europeans and the Western influence Africa faced. EachRead MoreAbstract. The Research Examines The Social, Economic And1704 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical effect of colonialism in West Africa. A critical view of the activities carried in the study to explain the social, economic and political effect of colonialism, and a qualitative of the growth rate of the West Africa countries were examined. The study therefore concludes that colonialism greatly had an impact in the growth of the countries in the selected West Africa countries. 1.0 Introduction Our research study will focus more on the effect of colonialism in Western part Africa by examiningRead MoreAfrican Perspectives On Colonialism By Adu Boahen1138 Words   |  5 PagesHistory 108 Section G 4/23/15 â€Å"African Perspectives on Colonialism† is a book written by A. Adu Boahen. This book classifies the African responses to European colonialism in the 19th century. Boahen begins with the status of Africa in the last quarter of the 19th century and follows through the first years of African independence. This book deals with a twenty year time period between 1880 and 1900. Boahen talks about when Africa was seized and occupied by the Imperial Powers of Europe. EurocentricRead MoreInfluential Colonisation And Its Impact On Contemporary Africa1507 Words   |  7 PagesOutlined by this quote, that although in terms of times colonialism is a small section of African history, it has left an imprint throughout the continent. This essay will look at how influential colonisation is in contemporary Africa, there are two main groups of scholars who argue how influential colonialism was in Africa the first is outlined by Gann and Duigan and they hold the view that the colo nial era was ‘the most decisive for the future of Africa’. The alternative school of thought is held by BritishRead MoreSimilarities Between Imperialism And Post Colonialism1606 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism, colonialism, and post colonialism are all a very important part of history. Each of these are present in the writings for the topic of the essay. The three writings that will be discussed are Clarice Lispectors The Smallest Woman In The World, Jamaica Kincaids On Seeing England For The First Time, and Civil Peace by Chinua Achebe. Each of these writings give great examples of imperialism, colonialism, and post colonialism through different perspectives and from different parts ofRead MoreComparison of Patons Cry, The Beloved Country and Conrads Heart of Darkness1357 Words   |  6 PagesIn Cry, the beloved country, Alan Paton tells the story of his journey across Africa, his experiences with the colonized Africa, and the destruction of the beautiful, pre-c olonialism native land of Africa. Heart of Darkness also tells the story of a man and his experiences with colonialism, but a man who comes from a different time period and a very different background than Alan Paton’s Stephen Kumalo. Although, both Joseph Conrad and Alan Paton portray the colonized areas as very negative, deathRead MoreColonialism has plagued indigenous people worldwide and has spelled disaster for countless800 Words   |  4 PagesColonialism has plagued indigenous people worldwide and has spelled disaster for countless cultures, languages, and traditions. Over the past 500 years there have been different phases of colonization in Africa as well as other various parts of earth. There were many reasons behind exploration and colonization including economic and tactical reasons, religion, and prestige. Colonialism has shaped the contemporary understanding of individuals from Niger as well as other parts of Africa and other places

Winter Dreams Essay Example For Students

Winter Dreams Essay Theories attempting to explain the origin of dreams range from providing stimulation for the development of the brain to enhancing storage and reorganization. Contrary to popular belief, dreaming is not caused by eating certain foods before bedtime, nor by environmental stimuli during sleeping. Dreaming is caused by internal biological processes. Now, as in the past, the most significant controversy centers on the question of whether dreams have intentional or actual personal meaning. Many psychotherapists maintain that while the neurological impulses from the brain stem may activate the dreaming process, the content or meaningful representations in dreams are caused by nonconscious needs, wishes, desires, and everyday concerns of the dreamer. Recent research indicates that dream content reflects problems that the dreamer experiences in life, and the function of such dreams is to facilitate the emotional resolution of the problems. The most recent method was developed for use with ad ult populations, and involves simply asking subjects to write down the last dream they can remember having, whether it was last night, last week, or last month(Domhoff, 1996, p.310; Domhoff Schneider, 1995). The subjects are also asked to write down the date and times that they recall the dreams. The survey included many sub-samples ranging from 25 all the way to 250 dreams from Hall and Van de Castles(1966) normative sample of 500 dreams. These dreams were provided by 100 college men between the ages of 18 and 22. Samples of 100 to 125 single dreams from each subject came close to duplicating the norms. Another study of 100 most recent dreams written down by college women between the ages of 18 and 25 at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in the early 1990s showed the findings did not differ from the Hall and Van de Castle(1966) female norms based on 500 dream reports provided by 100 college women between 18 and 22. The methods used for the survey kept the students in a natural environment allowing the students to feel comfortable and at ease. The teacher would introduce the sample taker to the students. The sample taker would then explain what they were doing and would come back and explain the results to the students once the survey was completed. The students reacted positively by asking questions which she(surveyor) answered. After the students had asked all of their questions she passed out the Most Recent Dream Form and read the instructions to the students. This resulted in 272 samples being taken between 16 classrooms. Once collected, the samples were coded for quantitative dream content analysis by the first and second authors. By the method of agreement(Domhoff, 1996, p.28) in which the number agreed-upon codes made by two coders is divided by the sum of all their codes. If there was a difference in the coding, the surveyors discussed and resolved the difference. The results of the survey demonstrated that of all the girls and boys interviewed only 57% could not or would not recall a recent dream. That is why the survey had to entail 16 classrooms to net enough samples to have a credible result. The dream reports were measured by time and showed that it took younger people(12 13 years old) longer to write down a dream than it took young adults. The gender similarities and differences found in the present study are consistent with those in the Hall and Van de Castle(1966) norms for young adults. These findings support the usefulness of most recent dream reports from teenagers in scientific investigations. They also fit with Foulkes'(1982, pp. 184, 217). The percentage of dream reports in three different length categories for girls, women, men and boys are as follows. Girls over 200 words 28%, 50-199 words 64.5%, under 50 words is 7.5%; Women over 200 words 15%, 50 199 words 77.8%, under 50 words was 7%; Boys over 200 words 10%, 50 199 64.3% , under 50 words 25.7%; and finally Men over 200 words 10.7%, 50 199 words 78.9%, and under 50 words was 10.4%. .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .postImageUrl , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:hover , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:visited , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:active { border:0!important; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:active , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Book Report EssayCognitive psychologists are concerned with logic and thought processing during dreaming, and how they are different from mental processes during the waking state. In studies of the developmental cognitive processes of childrens dreams,

The Airbus Fly

Introduction Before the introduction of the fly-by-wire system in civil aviation, pilots had to rely only on manual controls during flight. Fly-by-wire is an innovation that replaces an aircraft’s manual controls with an electronic interface.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fly-by-wire is a digital flight control system that enables signals from manual controls to be converted into electrical signals after which control computers determine the appropriate response (Droste Walker, 2003). The Airbus Company was the first airplane manufacturer to introduce this system in their A320. The Airbus fly-by-wire system was certified in 1988 and was used the same year during the launch of the first A320 (McRuer Graham, 1981). Manual flight control systems are very bulky and the control cables need to be carefully laid through the relevant section s of the airplane. The control systems and cables need redundant backup that guard against failures and as such further increases the weight of the aircraft and the work of the crew. Mechanical flight controls are prone to several dangerous issues such as spinning, stalling and pilot-induced oscillation (Pratt, 2000). In fly-by-wire, the control of the aircraft is only achieved through the use of electrical signals. The controls are configured to control computers in the aircraft. This means that the link between the operator and the control actuators is interposed by a computer system hence modifying the operator’s inputs with regards to the control parameters.Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fly-By-Wire In the study of mechanics of flight, we can assume that an aircraft can be represented as a rigid body, designed by a set body of axis as shown in figure 1. The rigid body dyna mics therefore has six degrees of freedom, given by three rotations about, and three translations along the axes. This model allows modeling of all forces and moments acting on the plane (Stephens Lewis, 1992). Figure 1: Body axis aircraft co-ordinate system retrieved from Stephens and Lewis (1992, p.24) In order to achieve flight control, the capability to control the forces and moments acting on the plane is imperative. If we can control the forces and moments, then by default we can control the accelerations and hence velocities, rotations and translations. The Flight Control System is designed to achieve this through the aircraft’s flight control surfaces that include the rudder, edge flaps, trailing and foreplane (Pratt, 2000). Flight control system also needs to control the thrust provided by the engines, since they also produce the forces and moments acting on the plane. On a standard airplane, control signals from the pilot are transmitted to the actuators by a syst em of mechanical components as shown in Figure 2.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 2: Mechanical control system retrieved from Stephens Lewis (1992, p.26) Direct mechanical connections between the cockpit controls (rudder pedals and pitch/roll sticks) and the control surfaces that maneuver the plane were used in mechanical flight controls. In standard airplanes, computers within the plane constantly modify the pilot feel on controls while the auto-pilot computers can be able to control the actuators (Lloyd Tye, 1992). However in fly-by-wire airplanes, flight control surfaces are all digitally controlled and activated by means of a hydraulic system. The rudder and the Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizers in these airplanes can also be manually controlled. The early mechanical means of control had very high levels of integrity, in terms of the probability of the loss of aircraft control. In FBW planes, the side sticks are used to control the plane in pitch and roll as well as indirect control through turn coordination in yaw (Gibson, 1999). The flight control computers in the planes interpret the pilot’s inputs and consequently move the surfaces as required to accomplish the desired flight path. When the plane is in auto-pilot mode, the flight control computers receive flight signals from the auto-pilot computers. Flight control computers in FBW planes not only control operations but they also monitor them. The response of the aircraft to signals is feedback to both the flight control and auto-pilot computers through specific sensors and then sent for display to the aircraft crew through dedicated screens (Gibson, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to ensure that the high integrity levels of earlier mechanical systems are achieved in FBW planes, numerous lanes of computing and multiple signal sources are required to offer redundancy. These systems also need to be cross-monitored in order to ensure that failed equipments are identified and isolated thus ensuring safe operation. A broad built-in-test system is also installed, to guarantee that the system is working in the expected capacity and is safe to fly before each flight and also to identify and isolate failures before flight (Lloyd Tye, 1992). Basic Operation Although fly-by-wire systems are relatively complex, their operation is relatively simple to understand. When the side-stick is moved by the pilot, a signal is sent through multiple channels to a computer. In most situations, a Triplex is used i.e. the signals are sent through three channels. Once the computer receives the signal, it adds the voltages of the signals and divides this with the number of signa ls received to achieve the mean average voltage (North, 2000). After this, the computer adds another channel and the signals are relayed to an actuator connected to the control surface thus causing the surface to move. A negative voltage is then sent by potentiometers in the actuator back to the computer describing the location of the actuator. When the desired position is achieved, the incoming signal and feedback cancel each other out causing the actuator to stop moving (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). The fly-by-wire technology enables the aircraft computers to function without any input from the pilots. The fly-by-wire control systems have enabled automatic stability system to be included in the plane and act autonomously to the pilot’s input. To enable automatic stabilizing systems to operate, gyroscopes that have built-in sensors are installed in the aircraft to sense movement changes in yaw, roll and pitch axes (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). Any movement that deviates from the flight level axis triggers a signal to the computer that responds by moving the actuators thereby causing automatic stabilization. Benefits and concerns of the Fly-by-Wire technology The main advantage of fly-by-wire is the ability to mold the system’s attributes at all points in the plane’s flight envelope. Flight envelope protection is achieved through the use of flight control laws which are scheduled according to the flight conditions. Another benefit is carefree handling that is achieved in two ways. The first way in the provision of carefree handling is through providing controls for the angle of attack and the suppression of the angle of sideslip thereby preventing the plane from stalling. The second way of achieving carefree handling is by using automatic controls to limit the roll rate and normal acceleration in order to avoid over-stressing of the airframe. Carefree handling is mainly a mean to reduce the workload of the pilot especially during maneu vering in order to avoid wind shears and obstacles (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). The fly-by-wire technology also provides aircraft agility. This helps in providing a mean for quick changes in velocity vector and fuselage aiming. The technology also allows the control of an unstable airframe through improved lift/drag ratio and an enhancement in the maximum lift capacity that contribute to increased aircraft turning capability. Apart from this, the technology also reduces drag through optimized trim setting of the controls. Fly-by-wire technology has also enabled reconfiguration to allow flight continuation or safe recovery following system failure (David, 2000). Advanced autopilot system has also reduced the pilot’s workload during flights. Finally, fly-by-wire technology has led to reduced maintenance cost due to the decrease in mechanical complexity and also the advantages arising from the built-in tests. These benefits can however only be attained if appropriate control law architecture is established. Control laws can only be established if there is a good knowledge of the systems, safety measures and equipment engineering, flight control and flight dynamics (Lloyd Tye, 1992). Although the cost of setting up the fly-by-wire technology is relatively high, the performance and safety benefits easily justify this cost. The main concern posed by this system is reliability. Mechanical control systems only fail gradually thus allowing engineers and the crew to identify and fix these systems according. However, the chance that all computers in an airplane may fail could lead to the total lack of control of the plane. Modern fly-by-wire airplanes have introduced redundant computers and mechanical flight control back-up in order to reduce the chances of overall failure. Built-in tests and independent fly-by-wire channels have also been introduced to ensure that in no time can all the systems in the plane fail. Conclusion In civil aviation, no invention has had a greater impact that the fly-by-wheel technology. This technology was first experimented for military operations but it was however introduced in civil aviation by the Airbus Company in their A320 plane. The fly-by-wheel technology has offered several benefits to civil aviation that would otherwise been not achieved. One of the main advantages is that fly-by-wheel control systems have enabled integration of auto-stabilization system and flight envelope protection. The fly-by-wheel technology has been revolutionary in the civil aviation field as it was the starting point for various innovations that have been realized over the years. Further developments that have arisen due to this technology include fly by optics, power-by-wire, intelligent flight control systems, and fly-by-wireless systems. These systems have all enhanced the efficiency of aircrafts by reducing weight, improving maintenance and crew workload as well as enhancing safety. In the past, aircraft manufacturers h ad to rely on extensive connections between the cockpit and the control surfaces requiring the need for joints, pulleys and long cables. This not only increased the weight of the aircraft but also increased the workload of the crew as well as posing the risk that some defects may pass unnoticed. The fly-by-wire system has negated all these concerns and has provided a mean to ensure that civil aviation is safe, effective and cheap. Considering all the advantages brought by this system and the potential for future developments, fly-by-wire systems is definitely one of the most important developments brought into the civil aviation field thanks to Airbus. References Droste, C., Walker, J., 2003. The General Dynamics Case Study on the F-16 Fly-By-Wire Flight Control System. Reston, VA: AIAA Professional Study Series. Gibson, J., 1999. Development of a methodology for excellence in handling qualities design for  Fly by wire aircraft. Delft, NZ: Delft University Press. Lloyd E., Tye W . 1982. Systematic Safety (Safety Assessment of Aircraft Systems. Civil  Aviation Authority, London, 1982. McRuer D., Graham D., 1981. Eighty Years of Flight Control: Triumphs and Pitfalls of the Systems Approach. AIAA Journal of Guidance and Control, 4(4), 64-88. Pratt R. W., 2000. Flight Control Systems Practical Issues in Design and Application. IEE  Control Engineering Series, 57 (1): 220-258. Stevens B. L., Lewis F. L., 1992. Aircraft Control and Simulation. New York: John Wiley Son, 1992. This essay on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System was written and submitted by user Michaela Howe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.