Computer Science That Has Evolved From Pattern Recognition...

‘Machine Learning is a sub discipline of Computer Science that has evolved from Pattern Recognition and Computational Learning Theory.’ ML is akin to Data Mining in the sense that both approaches look for patterns in the data set and while the former trains the program to better its understanding, the latter focuses on extraction of data for human comprehension. A typical application employing ML would involve the design and construction of an algorithm where the program is trained through huge samples of historical data to create a model. This model is later utilized on real time data sets to predict what happens next. While Machine Learning itself has been around for decades, it has found itself into reckoning with the advent of Big†¦show more content†¦Amazon Web Services S3 or Microsoft’s Azure are few amongst the various cloud services currently available that allow users to store massive amounts data at unbelievably low costs. With massive data at disposal comes the huge potential to analyze this data to draw inferences or predict future events. But why exactly is Machine Learning moving to the cloud? A compelling reason to move to the cloud would be the varying computational requirements in the ML lifecycle. The process of training/ retraining your model requires enormous computation power and resources, while the process of utilizing your trained models does not require any resources. The varying workload of the ML lifecycle makes it an ideal candidate for the cloud. Cloud Computing is a powerful technology that allows complex computations on massive scale data by eliminating the need to maintain dedicated storage space or maintain expensive hardware. Also it follows intuitively to train your models in the cloud where the data is stored. Prior to the advent of cloud based ML platforms, the only way to do advanced analytics was to purchase packages such as SAS or IBM’s SPSS or resort to tools like R. The cloud based platforms make Machine Learning more accessible to a large group of users who intend to deploy predictive models in order to enhance their products or services. Cloud based Machine Learning Services:

Macroeconomics And Economics As A Whole Essay - 2290 Words

Matthew Jones Professor Ahmad Macroeconomics 11/29/16 Throughout the semester many concepts of macroeconomics and economics as a whole have been discussed thoroughly. Macroeconomics is defined as the study of the economy as a whole. The study of macroeconomics consists of many economic indicators. These economic indicators allow analysis of economic performance, predictions of future performance, and will indicate the overall health of the nation. Economists want to be able to forecast the direction the economy will take in the near future and they rely on different economic indicators. They have never agreed on a single economic indicator to predict the future. Some indicators are better than others, but none is consistently accurate; all give a false signal on occasion. The six economic indicators that will be focused on are Gross Domestic Product, Unemployment, Consumer Price Index, Retail Sales, Consumer Confidence, and Durable Goods. The economic indicators help see where the economy is in terms of the business cycle, which shows the rising and falling of economic conditions over time. The first economic indicator is Gross Domestic Product, commonly referred to as GDP. GDP is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a period of time, typically one year. The definition of GDP may seem very straightforward, but there are many subtleties. One key idea about this definition is that GDP only involves final goods andShow MoreRelatedFinance Is Based On Economics841 Words   |  4 PagesFinance is based on economics. Therefore, to properly understand financial markets and their behavior, you must first understand economics. Economics is the concern of production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. It is the science that arises out of the relationship between limited resources and unlimited wants and needs by humans. Macroeconomics started with John Maynard Keynes, an English economist, who published a book entitled General Theory of Employment, InterestRead MoreMacroeconomics and Its Impact669 Words à ‚  |  3 Pagesï » ¿Macroeconomics and its Impact on Entering the Business World Macroeconomics is the field of economics that studies the behavior of the aggregate economy. Macroeconomics  examines economy-wide phenomena such as changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, gross domestic product, inflation and price levels (Investopedia, 2011). In other words, macroeconomics examines economic trends in the economy as a whole, in contrast to microeconomics, which looks at the decisions made by firmsRead MoreThe Study of Macroeconomics1507 Words   |  7 Pagesmarkets. †¢ Macroeconomics – the study of the economy as a whole. – Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once. †¢ The Two Groups of Economists †¢ Macroeconomists †¢ Focus on the economy as a whole. †¢ Spend much time analyzing how total income changes and how changes in income cause changes in other modes of economic behavior. †¢ Microeconomists †¢ Focus on the markets for individual commodities and on the decisions of single economic agentsRead MoreMicroeconomics Versus Macroeconomics Bus6101627 Words   |  7 PagesMicroeconomics versus Macroeconomics Economics for the Global Manager BUS610-1101C-02 Abstract I want to thank everyone for joining me today to review the effects of microeconomics and macroeconomics in conjunction with the healthcare industry. We will start with a brief introduction of what we will review, and then briefly hit on the subject matter in a bit more detail. â€Å"The world’s largest and most diverse economy currently faces the most severe economic challenges in a generation orRead MoreMacroeconomics And Macroeconomics Of Macroeconomics1445 Words   |  6 PagesMacroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning large and economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies.[1][2] With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields ineconomics. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, National income, price indices, and the interrelationsRead MoreEconomics Affects Our Daily Life1576 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Economics affects our daily life. Economics is the social science, which inspects how individuals allocate limited resources in order to satisfy their various desires. Different aspects of economy analyzes and studies production, factors of production, demand and supply analysis, consumption, distribution, market structure etc. Question 1 Economics can be classified into two main branches, which are macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics refers to study of economic aggregatesRead MoreEcon 2301 Study Guide1079 Words   |  5 PagesECON 2301: Principles of Macroeconomics Hennessy ECON 2301 Principles of Macroeconomics Time: Th 7:05 pm – 9:45 pm Synonym: 40512 Section: 023 Room: NRG2 2120 Instructor: Gregory Hennessy Office: NRG PB3 Hours: Th 6:30 pm – 7:00 pm Th 9:45 pm – 10:15 pm And by appointment Phone: Email: Course Description Principles of Macroeconomics deals with consumers as a whole, producers as a whole, the effects of government spending and taxation policies, and the effects of the monetary policy carriedRead MoreThe Reserve Bank Of Australia ( Rba ) Introduced A New Monetary Policy786 Words   |  4 Pagesestimated for the period. There are numerous cuts in interest rates around Australia and the Australian general economic conditions throughout 2015 and through to 2016. What are the key objectives of macroeconomics and how do they effect and change the supply of money with interest rate? To make a decision the RBA must examine the economic growth and what guarantees long- run economic growth? Money has key functions but what are they and how does it function within the reserve bank? How will loweringRead MoreThe Role of Macroeconomic Variables in the Financial Market673 Words   |  3 PagesMacroeconomic variables play a significant role in the financial market and when it is properly used it can be a precious resource for the investors and traders. By understanding the integration between the macroeconomic variables and the stock market will guide investors a long way to make better investment decision. The key objective of the study is to investigate the impact and the relationship of six selected macroeconomic variables namely, Consumer Price Index(CPI), Gross Domestic Product(GDP)Read More Running The British Economy Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pages============ A study of economics in terms of whole systems especially with reference to general levels of output and income and to the interrelations among sectors of the economy is called macroeconomics. Macroeconomics is concerned with the behavior of the economy as a whole—with booms and recessions, the economy’s total output of goods and services and the growth of output, the rates of inflation and unemployment, the balance of payments, and exchange rates. Macroeconomics deals with the increase

The Colonialism Effect Of Africa - 1002 Words

The Colonialism Effect of Africa As the world races for its place in history, many continents excel on their mark on the map. It is because Africa was in the right place, but in a different time they were taken advantage of their glory. Although it is difficult for Africa to retrace and reclaim its memoirs, it has an origin that had existed before colonialism. The attempt of challenging modern history has desperately provided an economical realm that extracts and injects into Africa resources. Due to various cultural differences from external forces Africa has prevailed. Uniquely enough, the major problems seeded from colonialism had gradually disrupted the progression of billions of Africans living in various societies. As functional as†¦show more content†¦Even though African societies existed in a peaceful and prosperous state before colonialism the slow interactions than in turn intersected regional and cultural diversity. In a few cases, indigenous communities had in fact been better off before colonia lism. It is important to understand the issues that are represented in African history because of the effects it has globally. The power surge of colonialism changed the lives of billions who were affected by its brute force. Even so the perception of Africa is an indigenous society, even till this day it has casted a shadow on its realities. Within the transition of European settlements in the early nineteenth century, Europeans wanted to change African societies because of its unusual methods. In this case, Europeans, found African norms unusual and ineffective when actually Africans had thrived in a social order. Furthermore, African societies had proved as a type of utopia of their own ‘Checks Balances’ in which benefited everyone. In some cases, the form of currency had rendered useless until capital investment were placed on Africa’s resources, including young men used for the transatlantic slave trade and the discovery of oil. As the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1919, it had created a power vacuum leaving Africa opened for grabs. Territories had than became inherited by the control of Europeans.Show MoreRelatedAfrican Colonialism And Its Effects On Africa1669 Words   |  7 Pagesinto, this happened to many places including Africa. Colonialism was a time when countries took control of another land, which they then governed through direct or indirect rule depending on the country. During this time, Africa was most sought after due to its resources and its uninhabited land. Due to this, all colonial powers scrambled to get their hands on a piece of Africa in order to expand their areas of rule. As a result of the scramble for Africa the Berlin Conference was held. At this conferenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Colonialism And Western Powers On Africa890 Words   |  4 PagesAfrica has a complex history that has contributed to its current state, that to some seems hopeless and for others an opportunity for rebuilding and renewal in the continent. With the influences of colonialism and western powers the complete system of African cultures have been restructured and globalized. This has had negative and positive effects on the people of Africa, its economy and government. After colonialism, relationships between states have still remained and Western powers are a dominateRead MoreThe Long Lasting Effects Of Colonialism On Africa1666 Words   |  7 Pageslasting effects Africa endured due to imperialism. The illustration shows the countries that were involved in colonizing Africa and what they contributed to how the continent is prospering currently. Also, the cartoon shows how severely the presence of imperialism affected Africa. For instance, when countries exploited Africa during 1880-1913, the people who inhabited the land experienced poverty and starvation due to countries claiming and controlling their land. During the scramble of Africa, countriesRead MoreImapct of Colonialism on Africa889 Words   |  4 PagesIMPACT OF COLONIALISM ON AFRICA In this view of the circumstances that existed during history in regards to colonial Africa. I venture to examine how colonialism is viewed, introducing you to a variety of texts which expose you to different views and debates about what Africa may well have been like today, had the colonization never taken place. The African resistance to colonialism put another perspective on the colonization of Africa by the Europeans and the Western influence Africa faced. EachRead MoreAbstract. The Research Examines The Social, Economic And1704 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical effect of colonialism in West Africa. A critical view of the activities carried in the study to explain the social, economic and political effect of colonialism, and a qualitative of the growth rate of the West Africa countries were examined. The study therefore concludes that colonialism greatly had an impact in the growth of the countries in the selected West Africa countries. 1.0 Introduction Our research study will focus more on the effect of colonialism in Western part Africa by examiningRead MoreAfrican Perspectives On Colonialism By Adu Boahen1138 Words   |  5 PagesHistory 108 Section G 4/23/15 â€Å"African Perspectives on Colonialism† is a book written by A. Adu Boahen. This book classifies the African responses to European colonialism in the 19th century. Boahen begins with the status of Africa in the last quarter of the 19th century and follows through the first years of African independence. This book deals with a twenty year time period between 1880 and 1900. Boahen talks about when Africa was seized and occupied by the Imperial Powers of Europe. EurocentricRead MoreInfluential Colonisation And Its Impact On Contemporary Africa1507 Words   |  7 PagesOutlined by this quote, that although in terms of times colonialism is a small section of African history, it has left an imprint throughout the continent. This essay will look at how influential colonisation is in contemporary Africa, there are two main groups of scholars who argue how influential colonialism was in Africa the first is outlined by Gann and Duigan and they hold the view that the colo nial era was ‘the most decisive for the future of Africa’. The alternative school of thought is held by BritishRead MoreSimilarities Between Imperialism And Post Colonialism1606 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism, colonialism, and post colonialism are all a very important part of history. Each of these are present in the writings for the topic of the essay. The three writings that will be discussed are Clarice Lispectors The Smallest Woman In The World, Jamaica Kincaids On Seeing England For The First Time, and Civil Peace by Chinua Achebe. Each of these writings give great examples of imperialism, colonialism, and post colonialism through different perspectives and from different parts ofRead MoreComparison of Patons Cry, The Beloved Country and Conrads Heart of Darkness1357 Words   |  6 PagesIn Cry, the beloved country, Alan Paton tells the story of his journey across Africa, his experiences with the colonized Africa, and the destruction of the beautiful, pre-c olonialism native land of Africa. Heart of Darkness also tells the story of a man and his experiences with colonialism, but a man who comes from a different time period and a very different background than Alan Paton’s Stephen Kumalo. Although, both Joseph Conrad and Alan Paton portray the colonized areas as very negative, deathRead MoreColonialism has plagued indigenous people worldwide and has spelled disaster for countless800 Words   |  4 PagesColonialism has plagued indigenous people worldwide and has spelled disaster for countless cultures, languages, and traditions. Over the past 500 years there have been different phases of colonization in Africa as well as other various parts of earth. There were many reasons behind exploration and colonization including economic and tactical reasons, religion, and prestige. Colonialism has shaped the contemporary understanding of individuals from Niger as well as other parts of Africa and other places

Winter Dreams Essay Example For Students

Winter Dreams Essay Theories attempting to explain the origin of dreams range from providing stimulation for the development of the brain to enhancing storage and reorganization. Contrary to popular belief, dreaming is not caused by eating certain foods before bedtime, nor by environmental stimuli during sleeping. Dreaming is caused by internal biological processes. Now, as in the past, the most significant controversy centers on the question of whether dreams have intentional or actual personal meaning. Many psychotherapists maintain that while the neurological impulses from the brain stem may activate the dreaming process, the content or meaningful representations in dreams are caused by nonconscious needs, wishes, desires, and everyday concerns of the dreamer. Recent research indicates that dream content reflects problems that the dreamer experiences in life, and the function of such dreams is to facilitate the emotional resolution of the problems. The most recent method was developed for use with ad ult populations, and involves simply asking subjects to write down the last dream they can remember having, whether it was last night, last week, or last month(Domhoff, 1996, p.310; Domhoff Schneider, 1995). The subjects are also asked to write down the date and times that they recall the dreams. The survey included many sub-samples ranging from 25 all the way to 250 dreams from Hall and Van de Castles(1966) normative sample of 500 dreams. These dreams were provided by 100 college men between the ages of 18 and 22. Samples of 100 to 125 single dreams from each subject came close to duplicating the norms. Another study of 100 most recent dreams written down by college women between the ages of 18 and 25 at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in the early 1990s showed the findings did not differ from the Hall and Van de Castle(1966) female norms based on 500 dream reports provided by 100 college women between 18 and 22. The methods used for the survey kept the students in a natural environment allowing the students to feel comfortable and at ease. The teacher would introduce the sample taker to the students. The sample taker would then explain what they were doing and would come back and explain the results to the students once the survey was completed. The students reacted positively by asking questions which she(surveyor) answered. After the students had asked all of their questions she passed out the Most Recent Dream Form and read the instructions to the students. This resulted in 272 samples being taken between 16 classrooms. Once collected, the samples were coded for quantitative dream content analysis by the first and second authors. By the method of agreement(Domhoff, 1996, p.28) in which the number agreed-upon codes made by two coders is divided by the sum of all their codes. If there was a difference in the coding, the surveyors discussed and resolved the difference. The results of the survey demonstrated that of all the girls and boys interviewed only 57% could not or would not recall a recent dream. That is why the survey had to entail 16 classrooms to net enough samples to have a credible result. The dream reports were measured by time and showed that it took younger people(12 13 years old) longer to write down a dream than it took young adults. The gender similarities and differences found in the present study are consistent with those in the Hall and Van de Castle(1966) norms for young adults. These findings support the usefulness of most recent dream reports from teenagers in scientific investigations. They also fit with Foulkes'(1982, pp. 184, 217). The percentage of dream reports in three different length categories for girls, women, men and boys are as follows. Girls over 200 words 28%, 50-199 words 64.5%, under 50 words is 7.5%; Women over 200 words 15%, 50 199 words 77.8%, under 50 words was 7%; Boys over 200 words 10%, 50 199 64.3% , under 50 words 25.7%; and finally Men over 200 words 10.7%, 50 199 words 78.9%, and under 50 words was 10.4%. .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .postImageUrl , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:hover , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:visited , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:active { border:0!important; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:active , .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22 .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u14b1016719810f1a923a9d6f281c8b22:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Book Report EssayCognitive psychologists are concerned with logic and thought processing during dreaming, and how they are different from mental processes during the waking state. In studies of the developmental cognitive processes of childrens dreams,

The Airbus Fly

Introduction Before the introduction of the fly-by-wire system in civil aviation, pilots had to rely only on manual controls during flight. Fly-by-wire is an innovation that replaces an aircraft’s manual controls with an electronic interface.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fly-by-wire is a digital flight control system that enables signals from manual controls to be converted into electrical signals after which control computers determine the appropriate response (Droste Walker, 2003). The Airbus Company was the first airplane manufacturer to introduce this system in their A320. The Airbus fly-by-wire system was certified in 1988 and was used the same year during the launch of the first A320 (McRuer Graham, 1981). Manual flight control systems are very bulky and the control cables need to be carefully laid through the relevant section s of the airplane. The control systems and cables need redundant backup that guard against failures and as such further increases the weight of the aircraft and the work of the crew. Mechanical flight controls are prone to several dangerous issues such as spinning, stalling and pilot-induced oscillation (Pratt, 2000). In fly-by-wire, the control of the aircraft is only achieved through the use of electrical signals. The controls are configured to control computers in the aircraft. This means that the link between the operator and the control actuators is interposed by a computer system hence modifying the operator’s inputs with regards to the control parameters.Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fly-By-Wire In the study of mechanics of flight, we can assume that an aircraft can be represented as a rigid body, designed by a set body of axis as shown in figure 1. The rigid body dyna mics therefore has six degrees of freedom, given by three rotations about, and three translations along the axes. This model allows modeling of all forces and moments acting on the plane (Stephens Lewis, 1992). Figure 1: Body axis aircraft co-ordinate system retrieved from Stephens and Lewis (1992, p.24) In order to achieve flight control, the capability to control the forces and moments acting on the plane is imperative. If we can control the forces and moments, then by default we can control the accelerations and hence velocities, rotations and translations. The Flight Control System is designed to achieve this through the aircraft’s flight control surfaces that include the rudder, edge flaps, trailing and foreplane (Pratt, 2000). Flight control system also needs to control the thrust provided by the engines, since they also produce the forces and moments acting on the plane. On a standard airplane, control signals from the pilot are transmitted to the actuators by a syst em of mechanical components as shown in Figure 2.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 2: Mechanical control system retrieved from Stephens Lewis (1992, p.26) Direct mechanical connections between the cockpit controls (rudder pedals and pitch/roll sticks) and the control surfaces that maneuver the plane were used in mechanical flight controls. In standard airplanes, computers within the plane constantly modify the pilot feel on controls while the auto-pilot computers can be able to control the actuators (Lloyd Tye, 1992). However in fly-by-wire airplanes, flight control surfaces are all digitally controlled and activated by means of a hydraulic system. The rudder and the Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizers in these airplanes can also be manually controlled. The early mechanical means of control had very high levels of integrity, in terms of the probability of the loss of aircraft control. In FBW planes, the side sticks are used to control the plane in pitch and roll as well as indirect control through turn coordination in yaw (Gibson, 1999). The flight control computers in the planes interpret the pilot’s inputs and consequently move the surfaces as required to accomplish the desired flight path. When the plane is in auto-pilot mode, the flight control computers receive flight signals from the auto-pilot computers. Flight control computers in FBW planes not only control operations but they also monitor them. The response of the aircraft to signals is feedback to both the flight control and auto-pilot computers through specific sensors and then sent for display to the aircraft crew through dedicated screens (Gibson, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to ensure that the high integrity levels of earlier mechanical systems are achieved in FBW planes, numerous lanes of computing and multiple signal sources are required to offer redundancy. These systems also need to be cross-monitored in order to ensure that failed equipments are identified and isolated thus ensuring safe operation. A broad built-in-test system is also installed, to guarantee that the system is working in the expected capacity and is safe to fly before each flight and also to identify and isolate failures before flight (Lloyd Tye, 1992). Basic Operation Although fly-by-wire systems are relatively complex, their operation is relatively simple to understand. When the side-stick is moved by the pilot, a signal is sent through multiple channels to a computer. In most situations, a Triplex is used i.e. the signals are sent through three channels. Once the computer receives the signal, it adds the voltages of the signals and divides this with the number of signa ls received to achieve the mean average voltage (North, 2000). After this, the computer adds another channel and the signals are relayed to an actuator connected to the control surface thus causing the surface to move. A negative voltage is then sent by potentiometers in the actuator back to the computer describing the location of the actuator. When the desired position is achieved, the incoming signal and feedback cancel each other out causing the actuator to stop moving (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). The fly-by-wire technology enables the aircraft computers to function without any input from the pilots. The fly-by-wire control systems have enabled automatic stability system to be included in the plane and act autonomously to the pilot’s input. To enable automatic stabilizing systems to operate, gyroscopes that have built-in sensors are installed in the aircraft to sense movement changes in yaw, roll and pitch axes (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). Any movement that deviates from the flight level axis triggers a signal to the computer that responds by moving the actuators thereby causing automatic stabilization. Benefits and concerns of the Fly-by-Wire technology The main advantage of fly-by-wire is the ability to mold the system’s attributes at all points in the plane’s flight envelope. Flight envelope protection is achieved through the use of flight control laws which are scheduled according to the flight conditions. Another benefit is carefree handling that is achieved in two ways. The first way in the provision of carefree handling is through providing controls for the angle of attack and the suppression of the angle of sideslip thereby preventing the plane from stalling. The second way of achieving carefree handling is by using automatic controls to limit the roll rate and normal acceleration in order to avoid over-stressing of the airframe. Carefree handling is mainly a mean to reduce the workload of the pilot especially during maneu vering in order to avoid wind shears and obstacles (Moir, Seabridge Jukes, 2003). The fly-by-wire technology also provides aircraft agility. This helps in providing a mean for quick changes in velocity vector and fuselage aiming. The technology also allows the control of an unstable airframe through improved lift/drag ratio and an enhancement in the maximum lift capacity that contribute to increased aircraft turning capability. Apart from this, the technology also reduces drag through optimized trim setting of the controls. Fly-by-wire technology has also enabled reconfiguration to allow flight continuation or safe recovery following system failure (David, 2000). Advanced autopilot system has also reduced the pilot’s workload during flights. Finally, fly-by-wire technology has led to reduced maintenance cost due to the decrease in mechanical complexity and also the advantages arising from the built-in tests. These benefits can however only be attained if appropriate control law architecture is established. Control laws can only be established if there is a good knowledge of the systems, safety measures and equipment engineering, flight control and flight dynamics (Lloyd Tye, 1992). Although the cost of setting up the fly-by-wire technology is relatively high, the performance and safety benefits easily justify this cost. The main concern posed by this system is reliability. Mechanical control systems only fail gradually thus allowing engineers and the crew to identify and fix these systems according. However, the chance that all computers in an airplane may fail could lead to the total lack of control of the plane. Modern fly-by-wire airplanes have introduced redundant computers and mechanical flight control back-up in order to reduce the chances of overall failure. Built-in tests and independent fly-by-wire channels have also been introduced to ensure that in no time can all the systems in the plane fail. Conclusion In civil aviation, no invention has had a greater impact that the fly-by-wheel technology. This technology was first experimented for military operations but it was however introduced in civil aviation by the Airbus Company in their A320 plane. The fly-by-wheel technology has offered several benefits to civil aviation that would otherwise been not achieved. One of the main advantages is that fly-by-wheel control systems have enabled integration of auto-stabilization system and flight envelope protection. The fly-by-wheel technology has been revolutionary in the civil aviation field as it was the starting point for various innovations that have been realized over the years. Further developments that have arisen due to this technology include fly by optics, power-by-wire, intelligent flight control systems, and fly-by-wireless systems. These systems have all enhanced the efficiency of aircrafts by reducing weight, improving maintenance and crew workload as well as enhancing safety. In the past, aircraft manufacturers h ad to rely on extensive connections between the cockpit and the control surfaces requiring the need for joints, pulleys and long cables. This not only increased the weight of the aircraft but also increased the workload of the crew as well as posing the risk that some defects may pass unnoticed. The fly-by-wire system has negated all these concerns and has provided a mean to ensure that civil aviation is safe, effective and cheap. Considering all the advantages brought by this system and the potential for future developments, fly-by-wire systems is definitely one of the most important developments brought into the civil aviation field thanks to Airbus. References Droste, C., Walker, J., 2003. The General Dynamics Case Study on the F-16 Fly-By-Wire Flight Control System. Reston, VA: AIAA Professional Study Series. Gibson, J., 1999. Development of a methodology for excellence in handling qualities design for  Fly by wire aircraft. Delft, NZ: Delft University Press. Lloyd E., Tye W . 1982. Systematic Safety (Safety Assessment of Aircraft Systems. Civil  Aviation Authority, London, 1982. McRuer D., Graham D., 1981. Eighty Years of Flight Control: Triumphs and Pitfalls of the Systems Approach. AIAA Journal of Guidance and Control, 4(4), 64-88. Pratt R. W., 2000. Flight Control Systems Practical Issues in Design and Application. IEE  Control Engineering Series, 57 (1): 220-258. Stevens B. L., Lewis F. L., 1992. Aircraft Control and Simulation. New York: John Wiley Son, 1992. This essay on The Airbus Fly-By-Wire Control System was written and submitted by user Michaela Howe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Using Blooms Taxonomy for Effective Learning

Using Bloom's Taxonomy for Effective Learning The hierarchy of Blooms Taxonomy is the widely accepted framework through which all teachers should guide their students through the cognitive learning process. In other words, teachers use this framework to focus on higher order thinking skills. You can think of Blooms Taxonomy as a pyramid, with simple knowledge-based recall questions at the base. Building up through this foundation, you can ask your students increasingly challenging questions to test their comprehension of a given material. Utility By asking these critical thinking questions or higher order questions, you are developing all levels of thinking. Students will have improved attention to detail, as well as an increase in their comprehension and problem-solving skills. Levels There are six levels in the framework, here is a brief look at each of them and a few examples of the questions that you would ask for each component. Knowledge: In this level students are asked questions to see if they have gained insight from the lesson. (What is... Where is... How would you describe?)Comprehension: During this level, students will be asked to interpret facts that they learned. (What is the main idea... How would you summarize?)Application: Questions asked during this level are meant to have students apply or use the knowledge learned during the lesson. (How would you use... How would you solve?)Analysis:Â  In the analysis level, students will be required to go beyond knowledge and see if they can analyze a problem. (What is the theme... How would you classify?)Synthesis: During the synthesis level of questioning students are expected to come up with a theory about what they learned or use predictions. (What would happen if... What facts can you compile?)Evaluation: The top level of Blooms Taxonomy is called evaluation. This is where students are expected to assess the information learned and come to a conclusio n about it. (What is your opinion of...how would you evaluate... How would you select... What data was used?) Corresponding Verb Examples Remembering: arrange, define, duplicate, label, list, memorize, name, order, recognize, relate, recall, repeat, reproduce, stateUnderstanding: classify, describe, discuss, explain, express, identify, indicate, locate, recognize, report, restate, review, select, translateApplying: apply, choose, demonstrate, dramatize, employ, illustrate, interpret, operate, practice, schedule, sketch, solve, use, writeAnalyzing: analyze, appraise, calculate, categorize, compare, contrast, criticize, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, experiment, question, testEvaluating: appraise, argue, assess, attach, choose, compare, defend estimate, judge, predict, rate, core, select, support, value, evaluateCreating: arrange, assemble, collect, compose, construct, create, design, develop, formulate, manage, organize, plan, prepare, propose, set up, write

The CAtcher in the Rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The CAtcher in the Rye - Essay Example Holden, as narrator, treats the events of the book as separate from the rest of his life, not feeling it worth getting into â€Å"all that David Copperfield kind of crap† (1). He is attempting to treat his life separate from his psychological condition; however, without intending to do so, he illustrates how very connected it really is. Without the brief bits of information we receive about his younger brother Allie, it would be difficult to understand the events of the book and Holden’s motivations. Through a psychological examination of Holden’s breakdown, we can see that many of the attitudes expressed by Holden and his irrational behavior can all be traced back to the death of his younger brother when he was thirteen. It is significant that the traumatic death of Holden’s brother Allie took place at thirteen. This is the age that is generally considered the be the end of childhood and the beginning of the teenager years. This is often a difficult time for people as they are beginning to experience sexuality and find that the world is not what they were led to believe when they were children. James Bryan states that Holden â€Å"is hypersensitive to the exploitations and insensitivity of the post-pubescent world and to the fragile innocence of children† (1065). He is forced to accept the unfairness of the adult world when Allie died, which he did not handle well by any means: â€Å"I was only thirteen, and they were going to have me psychoanalyzed and all, because I broke all the windows in the garage† (38-39). Unable to handle his emotions, he acts out in a destructive manner, which becomes a pattern for him for the rest of the book. His brother Allie for him represented inno cence and the way people should act: â€Å"He was always the nicest, in a lot of ways. He never got mad at anybody† (38). Allie’s death represented the adult